tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17485878630305814522024-03-05T01:55:07.443-08:00SpewThis blog is a mistake to which I'm continually adding.Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.comBlogger86125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-76905219854468924032023-09-30T13:05:00.000-07:002023-09-30T13:05:38.767-07:00Are We Drugging Revolutionary Potential Out of Our Children?<div><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif" size="3"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.3); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">I was listening to an ADHD podcast and the expert said “unfairness” is a common “trigger” for angry emotions and disregulation. Also people with ADHD are more prone to “Oppositional Defiance Disorder” (ODD) which to me seems like such a made-up condition for people who resist authority. ADHD is commonly treated with medication.</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif" size="3"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.3); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif" size="3"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.3); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">I worry that we will gradually drug the revolutionary impulse (agitation for change) out of our population.</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.3); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.3); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Here’s what worries me: All knowledge arises in the context of a system of power. In our age power is diffused throughout the system and operates in schools, hospitals, work, etc. (See Foucalt.) </span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">When we give children medication at least one purpose is to regulate their behavior. This is pretty explicit. ADHD and ODD are defined and diagnosed by reference to certain aberrant behaviors. We talk about helping children “self-regulate” which is (again at least in part) the child internalizing her own subjugation making her her own jailer (with is how power is exercised in the modern era). “Regulation” in the form of thousands of small corrections and incentives is the norm in the modern era (as opposed to past forms of power which relied on much more brutal but less systematic punishment). For this reason Foucault says schools look like prisons and prisons look like schools. Power is less brutal but far more pervasive and omnipresent (E.g. the panopticon). </span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">When we give children medication to modulate their behavior and emotions (even if we aren’t turning them into compliant zombies) we should be honest about what we are doing. We are contributing to the efficient regulation of the child in the system. This is not necessarily a bad motive. We want our children to be successful. Medication may very well make them happier both in the short and long term. (My unmedicated ADHD child apparently regularly cries at school so it’s not like I’m winning parenting). But again I worry we may be sacrificing revolutionary potential for better regulation—many revolutionaries did not fit very well in the system and sublimated their pain into great deeds and creations. (Leonardo likely had ADHD and was very much outside his system: gay, bastard, little traditional education, failed to follow in the family tradition of distinguished notaries. Hamilton had a similar outsider paradigm that pushed him to greatness.)</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Are we denying unique (outsider) children the pain that could make them truly great?</span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.3); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.3); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span></font></div>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-39526279203145114152021-06-27T10:51:00.003-07:002021-06-27T10:51:25.374-07:00An Arendtian Critique of U.S. STEM Immigration Policy<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">An
Arendtian Critique of U.S. STEM Immigration Policy<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By Zachary C.
Myers<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“If you catch me at the border, I
got visas in my name. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you come around here, I make 'em
all day! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Get one done in a second if you
wait.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 81.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">--</span></span><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">M.I.A.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The
fundamental deprivation of human rights is manifested first and above all in
the deprivation of a place in the world which makes opinions significant and
actions effective.” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">--Hannah Arendt<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American businesses want to hire
more foreign-born workers trained in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (“STEM”).<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Microsoft CEO, Bill Gates, has personally entreated Congress to increase the
number of employment based visas available for such workers.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
A representative from Facebook reported that it nearly outsourced a project
when it thought it would be unable to obtain a visa for a critical member of
its team.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Approximately forty-percent of the
nation’s STEM graduate students are foreign nationals.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
In some fields the proportion is even higher.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For example, in electrical engineering, 70.3% of all graduate students are
foreign nationals.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> If
these foreign nationals are unable to immigrate to the United States, the
country may suffer a “brain drain” as large numbers of U.S.-educated STEM
graduates are forced to leave the country.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The U.S. legislature has responded
to the desire of businesses to hire foreign-born STEM workers, and to the risk
of brain-drain from U.S. universities, by proposing several bills to increase
the number of foreign-born STEM professionals that are permitted to live in the
United States.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">STEM workers that seek to immigrate
to the United States are generally highly educated individuals.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Many of them have been educated in the United States, and consider this their
home.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Because these highly educated individuals are accustomed to the “human
artifice” that is unique to the United States, they suffer a great deal when
they are denied participation in public life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
However, STEM graduates are often discussed in a way that focuses on their
usefulness as workers in U.S. society.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This narrow focus on “work” ignores the other components of the human condition
of immigrants.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Specifically,
this paper will argue, that by emphasizing immigrants work, U.S. immigration
policy fails to maximize STEM immigrants participation in public affairs.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susan F. Martin, believes it is a
priority to maximize immigrant participation in the public affairs of their
adopted communities.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Martin is the Director for the Study of International Migration in the School
of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, and the former Executive Director
of the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, where she advised Congress and
the President on immigration policy.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For Martin, the key policy question facing the nation is not whether to open-up
immigration, but how to integrate immigrants into a national community.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Martin uses a three-part descriptive
system to explain her ideas. She uses the early immigration policies of
colonial </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts, and Virginia as archetypes of immigration policy.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The Pennsylvania system
was the most inclusive immigration system, and provided relatively diverse
immigrants with roughly equal rights. Massachusetts, on the other hand, had a
more exclusive immigration policy, which excluded people based on ideology, and
permanently excluded outsiders from participation in political affairs.
Virginia, was more like Pennsylvania than Massachusetts, in that it encouraged
immigration; however, unlike Pennsylvania, it did so in order to exploit
immigrants as cheap labor.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Like
Martin, the renowned philosopher, Hannah Arendt has developed a three-part
system to describe why it is important for people to participate in public
institutions.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span>
This is an interesting coincidence that yields fruitful comparisons. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arendt
three-part descriptive-system involves the following categories of human
activity: “labor,” “work,” and “action.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The first category, labor,
is any activity which sustains biological life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The second category, work,
is any activity in which humans create durable objects that are not intended
primarily for consumption.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The third category, action,
is any public act that discloses an individual personality and has the
potential to give birth to something entirely new.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> These three conditions
are all necessary conditions for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">human</i>
life (as opposed to animal or supernatural life).<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Of the three categories,
action is the most important, because it is the activity that gives meaning to
individual human lives.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arendt’s
conditions of human life—labor, work, and action—correspond somewhat with Susan
Martin’s three type immigration systems—Virginia, Massachusetts, and
Pennsylvania—because Virginia’s system exploited immigrants for their labor
(especially in the form of slavery); whereas, Pennsylvania expanded immigrants
opportunities for action, by giving them access to the public life of the
community.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Therefore, the immigration system of Pennsylvania best realizes Hannah Arendt’s
ideal of maximizing participation in action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> For Arendt, individuals
must have opportunities to reveal their character in public spaces, or else
they will not live full and complete lives.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Therefore, an opportunity
to participate in politics is extremely important. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
order to increase access to civic institutions, legislative proposals should be
viewed through the lens of the Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Virginia models
of immigration.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The best proposals for increasing the availability of foreign born STEM workers
move our immigration system closer to the more inclusive Pennsylvania model,
because this model maximizes participation in public life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> U.S. lawmakers should use
the Pennsylvania model as a guide to prevent STEM workers from being exploited
for their work, and to allow them to lead meaningful lives.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">ARENDT’S THREE
CATEGORIES OF THE HUMAN CONDITION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Hannah Arendt
the human condition is made-up of three activities: labor, work, and action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> All three activities,
labor, work, and action, are necessary components of “human” life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> It is unclear whether
Arendt believes that a person would be able to live a life that is completely
lacking labor, or work, or action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> However, if it is
possible, then such a life would be something other than “human.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Human Condition of Labor<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
human condition of labor relates to the biological process of human life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Examples of labor include
toiling to produce food, eating, and sleeping. Despite the negative connotation
associated with “labor,” for Arendt, labor can actually be quite pleasurable,
and is necessary for happiness.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> One who toils to produce
food and is able to savor the fruit of her labors, will feel satisfied and
physically nourished.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The pleasures and pain
involved in labor are sensations that humans share with animals: the pleasure
of reproductive sex, along with the pain of childbirth; the pain of toiling for
food, along with the pleasure of a hearty meal.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Arendt describes people
caught-up in labor as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">animal laborans</i>.”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> Because labor relates to
the biological process, and is shared with all animals, it unites people with
nature and with nature’s earth.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Labor
is an essential component of a happy human life. “There is no lasting happiness
outside the prescribed cycle of painful exhaustion and pleasurable
regeneration.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The deprivation of labor comes in two forms: (1) people can be deprived of
physical needs, and waste in misery and hunger or, (2) they can have their
needs satisfied so readily that there is no need for exertion.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “Great riches and an
entirely effortless life where boredom takes the place of exhaustion and where
the mills of necessity, of consumption and digestion, grind an impotent human
body mercilessly and barrenly to death—ruins the elemental happiness that comes
from being alive.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A life without labor,
whether because of deprivation or because of overindulgence, is a miserable
existence.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While
labor is an essential component of a fulfilling existence, on its own, labor
will not produce a meaningful human life. Labor is ruled by necessity.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> Humans must eat to
survive. Seeds must be planted in the spring, watered during the summer, and
harvested in the fall. Therefore, while labor can be pleasurable, it is never
freedom. One does not choose to eat. One must eat. Because labor is always
governed by necessity, it is never a free act.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A person who merely
labors, like an animal, does not have a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bios</i>,
or life story.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
They are merely producing and consuming, feeding the incessant cycle of
biological life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Therefore, those whose lives are spent exclusively in labor are mere biological
animals, at one with nature, but not participating in a human life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> In order to have a human
life, a person must be removed from nature and participate in the world, which
is the space of human affairs.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Human Condition of Work<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
activity that removes humans from nature and places them in the world is work.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
human condition of work relates to the creation of durable goods that form a
world in which people interact.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Examples of work include
fabricating tools, reproducing books, and building dwellings and monuments. By
engaging in work, human beings create durable objects, which relate human
beings to one another.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Additionally, durable
objects permit human words and deeds to live on long after the author is dead.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By
creating durable objects that will outlive their creators, work removes humans
from nature and allows them to participate in immortality.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> Without work, human
beings would be no different than animal life, living and dying following the
cyclical repetition of nature.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> By creating a world
(separate from nature’s earth) work elevates and separates the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">animal laborans</i> from nature and makes
them human.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span>
This world both connects and separates individuals—allowing them to relate to
each other through it, and also distinguish themselves as individuals by
retrieving their identity <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in relation to
specific durable objects:<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“[T]he things of the world have the
function of stabilizing human life, and their objectivity lies in the fact
that—in contradiction to the Heraclitean saying that the same man can never
enter the same stream—men their ever-changing nature notwithstanding, can
retrieve their sameness, that is their identity, by being related to the same
chair and the same table.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nature
is constantly in flux.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Without a durable world,
humans would be caught in that flux and unable to distinguish themselves as
individuals.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Arendt does not outright criticize nomadic life, but clearly finds a durable,
demarcated world, stabilized by “property,” to be an ideal.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> (Property here is similar
to Radin’s concept property, where personhood is established through a relation
to places and objects.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Consumptive goods do not
qualify as property, because consumption is actually destructive of the
relationship between personhood and stable objects.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Work’s
guiding principle is usefulness.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Work relates to
Aristotle’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">techne</i>,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>or technology.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> For Arendt, like
Aristotle, durable objects each have a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">telos</i>,
or end purpose.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The purpose of each object is its use by people.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The products of work have
an “objectivity” based on this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">telos</i>.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Every product of work
exists in the mind’s eye of the fabricator, or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">homo faber</i>, based on its useful purpose.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> If an object is not
useful, then the worker has failed.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> For instance, an object
that is not useful for sitting cannot be called a chair.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Therefore, work creates
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">object</i>-ivity of the world—the use
of objects permit humans to interact and relate to each other. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Work
produces objective forms in the mind’s eye of people as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">homo faber</i>, but work does not give birth to anything new.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> It is strictly regulated
by utility.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
(If an object is not useful, than the worker has failed.)<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Because work is regulated
by utility, the activity of the work is not free.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Additionally,
because work is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">techne</i>, a life of
work is highly susceptible to critique based on the problems inherent in
technology.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Technology destroys the meaningfulness of natural objects.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Work removes material
from nature, and robs them of their meaning as natural objects.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Everything is mere
material for fabrication, or “standing-reserve,” in the hand of people as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">homo faber</i>.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Like
labor, work is necessary component of a human life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, a life filled with work alone is not
meaningful, because work done solely for the sake of utility collapses into a
self-referential void.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Arendt states that “[t]he
perplexity of utilitarianism is that it gets caught in the unending chain of
means and ends without ever arriving at some principle which could justify the
category of means and end, that is, of utility itself.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[84]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Work does not supply a
reason for working.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[85]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Unlike labor, which is
done out of necessity, work is done merely because it is useful, but there is
no use for usefulness.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[86]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Something else must
supply a purpose for which a thing is useful.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[87]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> There must be something
“for the sake of” which work is done, which must come from something other than
work.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[88]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A life that is spent
being useful in order to be useful is not meaningful.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[89]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Because
work cannot supply meaning to human life, and actually tends to destroy the
meaningfulness of the natural world, the activity of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">homo faber</i> is not sufficient on its own to constitute a meaningful
human life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[90]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Human Condition of Action<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Action
gives meaning to human life. Actions are words and deeds that are done in
public that reveal a person’s character.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[91]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Because action is done
publicly, and other people are able to respond to one’s action, it always has
the potential to give birth to something entirely new. One of the clearest
examples of action in Arendt’s work is making and keeping promises in order to
constitute public bodies.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[92]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The revelatory and
spontaneous character of action makes it the most meaningful component of human
life. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Action
does not include all words and deeds, but are instead the words and deeds that
constitute a person’s life story, which will live-on after they have died.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[93]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> They constitute a
person’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bios</i>, or social and
biographical life, and are opposed to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">zoē</i>,
or mere biological life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[94]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Actions are “at home in
everlastingness,” because they are worthy of being remembered.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[95]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Through action, individual
human lives become permanently fixed in eternity.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[96]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Unlike the circular
progression of the stars, the changing of the seasons, and the continuous death
and rebirth of animals in nature, which all follow a cyclical pattern, an
individual human life is linear.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[97]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> It has a beginning and an
end. It is a singularity, which cuts across nature’s cycles.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[98]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> It is only because humans
participate in action that their lives have this quality. A person who did
nothing but toil for food and shelter, sleep, and fuck, without engaging in
thought, word, or deed, would not be properly human at all, but would be a mere
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">animal laborans</i>, completely caught in
nature’s cycle.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[99]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Similarly, a solitary worker who had no words or deeds would not be a human,
but a god, building a world in which other humans can act, but without herself
acting in that world.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[100]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Only by virtue of one’s
“active life” is a linear <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bios</i>
created in the world, which can cut across the circular progression of nature.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[101]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Action
is not reactive and is different than mere “behavior.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[102]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> An example of action is
forgiveness: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“In contrast to revenge, which is the
natural, automatic re-action to transgression, and which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>because of the irreversibility of the action
process can be expected and even calculated, the act of forgiving can never be
predicted; it is the only reaction that acts in an unexpected way and thus
retains, though being a reaction, something of the original character of
action.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[103]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Forgiveness
breaks the chain reaction of revenge, an eye for an eye, and has the potential
to give birth to something new.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[104]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Therefore, forgiveness
is a uniquely human act that reveals an individual character.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[105]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This example helps
illustrates the narrowness of Arendt’s concept of action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[106]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Most human activity is
merely “behavior,” which is predictable and reactive and does not reveal
individuality, personal character, or distinction.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[107]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Action, on the other
hand, is a narrow category of revelatory acts worthy of being recorded, because
they reveal a human will.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[108]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Action
is strictly separated from labor and work.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[109]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> Unlike labor, and work,
action is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> motivated by necessity
or usefulness.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[110]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Nothing necessary or
useful has the requisite spontaneity and mark of individuality to be called
action, because actions are unique to humans as individuals, and express an
individual character.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[111]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Even
though action is never labor or work, it is dependent on both labor and work.
Before an individual can act without regard to necessity, biological necessity
must be satisfied.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[112]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Therefore, labor, which
satisfies biological necessity, is a precondition to action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[113]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Likewise, action
requires a shared world, within which people can interact and publicly reveal
their character.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[114]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> By constituting a world
of durable goods, work creates the stage, and the conditions, for action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[115]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Because
labor and work are necessary conditions for action, the three categories
roughly corresponds with the higher categories of need in Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[116]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Like love, esteem, and self-actualization (Maslow); actions (Arendt) are not
possible if a person is constantly preoccupied with “physiological needs”
(Maslow) or labor (Arendt).<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[117]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Like love, esteem, and
self-actualization, which are extremely threatened by loss of freedom, action
also requires the negative freedoms, such as freedom of movement, and speech.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[118]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Additionally, action is
only possible where there is a community of equals.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[119]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> (A competitive community
of equals).<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[120]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Therefore, action is not possible under conditions of violence or bondage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">However,
action is not synonymous with the higher categories of need.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[121]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Love, esteem, and
self-actualization can be developed privately by oneself, or among intimate
friends or lovers.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[122]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> These needs are
generally not a matter of public concern.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[123]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Action, on the other
hand, is always public.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[124]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Additionally, Maslow’s “needs”
cannot be harmonized with Arendt’s concept of action, because action is never
taken in response to a necessity (“need”), but is a pure expression of an
individual character, or will.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[125]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
order to become free from necessity, a precondition for action, the ancients
used violence.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[126]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Violence was used to
force one person to care for another person’s biological needs, i.e. to force
one’s “labor” onto another.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[127]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Arendt describes this
“violence” as “the prepolitical act of liberating oneself from the necessity of
life for the freedom of the world.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[128]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Arendt does not consider
violence a political action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[129]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> However, while violence
is not action, it was a necessary condition for action for ancient humans.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[130]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> By subjugating and
ruling over other people, ancient Greeks were able to overcome necessity and
usefulness and engage in action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[131]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Arendt goes so far as to
say that “because all human beings are subject to necessity, they are entitled
to violence towards others.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[132]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This is a perplexing
statement. No person is “entitled” to the labor of another through violence.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[133]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Furthermore, Arendt
approves of the peoples’ councils formed by laborers and workers, such as early
soviets in Russia,<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn134" name="_ftnref134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[134]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> popular societies in
France,<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn135" name="_ftnref135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[135]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
townhalls in North America,<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn136" name="_ftnref136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[136]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> and workers’ councils in
Hungary.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn137" name="_ftnref137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[137]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
She recognizes these as authentic sites of action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn138" name="_ftnref138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[138]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> People who are members
of a laboring class often have ample leisure to speak, reason together, and
make promises, i.e. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">act</i>, when they have
completed their day’s labor.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn139" name="_ftnref139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[139]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Therefore, it is unclear
why only a ruling class that has subjugated a laboring class can be freed from
necessity sufficient to engage in action. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">However,
if a laboring class’s labor is too burdensome, individuals will not have time
to organize and act among each other.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn140" name="_ftnref140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[140]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Furthermore, the
soviets, popular societies, townhalls, and workers’ councils were short-lived
and appeared during revolutionary periods when everyday life was interrupted.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn141" name="_ftnref141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[141]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> When the initial
revolution ended, the laboring class went home.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn142" name="_ftnref142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[142]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Therefore, Arendt took
seriously the idea that only an elite class will be able to engage in action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn143" name="_ftnref143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[143]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> However, others have
argued that some of the most genuine sites of action today exist in conditions
of poverty, and can continue to exist so long as they are not subjugated by
force.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn144" name="_ftnref144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[144]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Arendt may have mistaken a historical reality—that free people have often
enjoyed extra leisure at the expense of a laboring class—for a historical
necessity—that freedom is only possible after one group has subjugated another
in order to provide ample leisure.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn145" name="_ftnref145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[145]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Action is possible
wherever people gather together as equals without being dominated by necessity
or usefulness.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn146" name="_ftnref146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[146]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regardless
of whether Arendt believes subjugation of a laboring class is a necessary
condition to elevate a ruling class to a site of action, it is clear that
“slavish” meaning a life ruled by labor and necessity is undesirable.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn147" name="_ftnref147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[147]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “The slave’s degradation
was a blow of fate and a fate worse than death, because it carried with it a
metamorphosis of man into something akin to a tame animal.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn148" name="_ftnref148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[148]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A life ruled by labor
was not “worse than death” because it was difficult, but because it was not
free.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn149" name="_ftnref149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[149]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This is not solely, or even primarily, a negative freedom in terms of free
movement and commerce, but a positive freedom to reveal one’s character through
word and deed.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn150" name="_ftnref150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[150]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span>
“A poor free man preferred the insecurity of a daily-changing labor market to
regular assured work, which, because it restricted his freedom to do as he
pleased every day, was already felt to be servitude (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">douleia</i>), and even harsh, painful labor was preferred to the easy
life of many household slaves.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn151" name="_ftnref151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[151]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Not only was grueling
labor preferred to servitude, day wages, which were a less stable source of
revenue, were preferred to continuous employment.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn152" name="_ftnref152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[152]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The ancients Greeks
understood that an agent of another person is not able to reveal her personal
character.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn153" name="_ftnref153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[153]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The ancient attitude toward freedom was such that a free workman was also
willing to do much more arduous work, and avoid stable employment, in order to
maintain the dignity of free action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn154" name="_ftnref154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[154]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not everything that is said or done in public
deserves to be called ‘action.’<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn155" name="_ftnref155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[155]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A true act must be some
form of word or deed that reveals a person’s character, is not done out of
necessity or usefulness, has the potential to give birth to something entirely
new, and is at home in everlastingness. Despite being a narrow category of activity,
action gives meaning to human life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn156" name="_ftnref156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[156]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“The
unexamined life is not worth living for a human being.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn157" name="_ftnref157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[157]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A meaningful human life
requires action. However, action requires a “stage” upon which individuals can
publicly reveal their character.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn158" name="_ftnref158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[158]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Arendt calls these
stages “spaces of freedom” and compares them to “islands in a sea or as oases
in a desert.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn159" name="_ftnref159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[159]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The challenge for policy-makers is to maximize these “spaces of freedom,” and
enlarge participation in public life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn160" name="_ftnref160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[160]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MARTIN’S MODELS OF IMMIGRATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Martin has developed a descriptive
theory of immigration policy based on the colonial immigration policies of Virginia,
Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn161" name="_ftnref161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[161]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
None of Fuchs’s & Martin’s models are ‘anti’-immigration; Martin avoids the
‘anti’/‘pro’-immigration binary. Instead, her theory addresses not <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">whether</i> STEM workers should be admitted
to the United States, but instead <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">how</i>
they should be admitted?<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn162" name="_ftnref162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[162]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virginia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Virginia model represents the
wrong way to admit immigrants to the United States. Virginia’s immigration
policy was solely concerned with obtaining cheap, reliable laborers.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn163" name="_ftnref163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[163]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Immigration policies in Virginia encouraged the importation of labor using the
most inexpensive means possible, and then permitted exploitation of laborers.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn164" name="_ftnref164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[164]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Virginia permitted the exploitation of cheap labor using three programs: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1) indentured servitude, (2) the importation
of convicts and debtors to the colony, and, (3) through slavery.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn165" name="_ftnref165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[165]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Slavery, in particular, epitomized the Virginia models focus on cheap labor
without regard for immigrant welfare.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn166" name="_ftnref166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[166]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Yet, treatment of indentured servants and convicts was also extremely harsh.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn167" name="_ftnref167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[167]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Many died as a result of this treatment.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn168" name="_ftnref168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[168]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Virginia was not interested in creating a tolerant, pluralistic society;
instead, they were focused on creating a pliant, reliable, non-citizen workforce
for the plantations.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn169" name="_ftnref169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[169]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Virginia Model of immigration is related to the human condition of labor. Like
the system employed by ancient Greeks, the entrepreneurs of the Virginia colony
relied on an underclass to provide labor, so that they were freed to pursue
other pursuits.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn170" name="_ftnref170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[170]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For instance, Thomas Jefferson is one of Arendt’s classic examples of a man of
action;<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn171" name="_ftnref171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[171]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
He was also a man of slaves.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn172" name="_ftnref172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[172]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
While slavery elevated several men to a position where they were empowered to
live active lives, full of great words and deeds, their slaves were subject to
a “fate worse than death.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn173" name="_ftnref173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[173]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
“[T]he institution of slavery carries an obscurity even blacker than the
obscurity of poverty; the slave, not the poor man, was ‘wholly overlooked.’”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn174" name="_ftnref174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[174]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Slaves lived their lives in ignominy, and died without having had an
opportunity to participate in public civic institutions.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn175" name="_ftnref175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[175]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massachusetts<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While Pennsylvania’s immigration
model fostered ideological pluralism, the Massachusetts’s model maintained an
ideologically ‘pure’ population.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn176" name="_ftnref176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[176]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
“Membership in the Massachusetts Bay Company was based on religious
qualifications.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn177" name="_ftnref177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[177]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Massachusetts, led by John Winthrop, recruited like-minded individuals in an
effort to create “a city upon a hill,” a society of true, Puritan believers.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn178" name="_ftnref178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[178]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Massachusetts even resorted to exclusionary policies to cultivate this ideal,
by expelling people with whom they did not agree.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn179" name="_ftnref179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[179]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Dissenters, like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, were expelled from the
community and deported.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn180" name="_ftnref180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[180]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unlike immigrants to Pennsylvania,
immigrants to Massachusetts were only extended membership if they met certain
rigid ideological categories.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn181" name="_ftnref181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[181]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
There were four categories of colonists in Massachusetts: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“First
were the freemen, who alone could vote for governor, magistrates, and colony as
a whole. Second were church members who did not become freeman. … Third were
those who were neither church members nor freemen but took an oath of fidelity
to the colony and shared its aims... Fourth were those who did not take an oath
of fidelity; they were … ‘in the colony but not of it.’”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn182" name="_ftnref182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[182]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ideological exclusion and
deportation characterized the immigration model of Massachusetts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Massachusetts
is related to the human condition of work. Unlike, Virginia, which very
explicitly created a laboring class which lived in ignominy, Massachusetts
permitted citizens to participate in the colony as workers.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn183" name="_ftnref183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[183]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Skilled craftsmen were free to build durable goods and contributed to separate
the Puritan colony from nature, but they were not permitted to participate in
the governance of the colony.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn184" name="_ftnref184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[184]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Because
immigrants to Massachusetts enjoyed a great deal more negative freedom, such as
freedom of movement, and freedom to participate in the economics of the colony,
the immigrants to Massachusetts were much better off compared to immigrants in
Virginia.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn185" name="_ftnref185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[185]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Yet, Massachusetts immigrants were still excluded from the public square. Only
the men with puritan credentials were permitted to join the council of
“freemen” who met together in a community of equals to speak in public, make
promises (and compacts) together, and take part in what Arendt called the “good
life.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn186" name="_ftnref186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[186]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Because
non-puritan immigrants were free to participate in the community as skilled
workers, but were not given full rights as citizens, immigrants were
essentially consigned to the position of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">homo
faber</i> (mere workers).<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn187" name="_ftnref187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[187]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pennsylvania model did not share
the Massachusetts’s models focus on religious purity.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn188" name="_ftnref188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[188]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Instead, the immigration policy of colonial Pennsylvania was integrative, and
generally did not discriminate based on ideology.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn189" name="_ftnref189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[189]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
William Penn used immigration policy in Pennsylvania to test his ideas about
religious tolerance.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn190" name="_ftnref190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[190]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
He recruited immigrants from all across Europe to populate Pennsylvania.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn191" name="_ftnref191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[191]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
By actively recruiting and accepting immigrants from all of Europe, Penn
created a pluralistic society.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn192" name="_ftnref192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[192]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
In order to incentivize immigration, and integrate immigrants into the colony,
Pennsylvania offered immigrants roughly equal treatment and rights, including the
right to citizenship.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn193" name="_ftnref193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[193]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Penn’s model was both open to a diverse group of immigrants, and focused on
making them long-term permanent residents through integration, and
naturalization.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn194" name="_ftnref194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[194]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pennsylvania model is related to
the human condition of action. Under the Pennsylvania model, immigrants are
accepted as individuals and are given an opportunity to participate in public
affairs.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn195" name="_ftnref195" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn195;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[195]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By facilitating
participation in publicly visible spaces, the Pennsylvania model maximizes
human potential for action.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn196" name="_ftnref196" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn196;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[196]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Because this model
increases access to “spaces of freedom,” it makes it more likely that
individuals will be able to live full and complete lives.</span><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn197" name="_ftnref197" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn197;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[197]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arendt
actually strongly doubts that the political institutions that currently exist
in the United States are up to the task of providing “spaces of freedom” for
anyone other than a super-elite group—primarily senators and congresspeople.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn198" name="_ftnref198" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn198;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[198]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> However, opening up
access to whatever limited “oases” of freedom that exist in the United States
should be an important policy goal for the sake of maximizing human dignity.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn199" name="_ftnref199" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn199;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[199]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts, and Virginia are useful archetypes for comparing different
immigration policy moves.</span><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn200" name="_ftnref200" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn200;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[200]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Pennsylvania
arises a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s the preferred immigration model,
because it does not rely on ideological restrictions or exploitative labor
practices, and it fosters an open pluralistic society of worker-citizens and
maximizes freedom through participation in government.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn201" name="_ftnref201" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn201;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[201]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SURVEY OF EXISTING LAW<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U.S. employers have two options for
sponsoring the entrance to the United States of foreign-born STEM workers: they
can sponsor them as “immigrants” or as “non-immigrants.” “Non-immigrants,” are
defined by a laundry list of categories of people seeking entrance to the United
States on a temporary basis.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn202" name="_ftnref202" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn202;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[202]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span>
Working backwards from this definition, “an immigrant” is anyone seeking
entrance to the United States with the intention to remain indefinitely, i.e.
to establish permanent residence.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn203" name="_ftnref203" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn203;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[203]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
In a case involving an employer sponsoring an alien for admission to the United
States for the purpose of employment, applicants can usually apply for entrance
as both an immigrant and a non-immigrant.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn204" name="_ftnref204" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn204;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[204]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Entrance as an Immigrant<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Once admitted and inspected an
immigrant is a lawful permanent resident (“LPR”) and is permitted to live and
work in the United States indefinitely, provided that they do not commit certain
crimes.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn205" name="_ftnref205" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn205;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[205]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Additionally, an LPR can petition for admittance of family members as
immigrants.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn206" name="_ftnref206" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn206;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[206]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
They can also leave the U.S. for extended period of time (up to a year), and
return, without having to apply for readmission.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn207" name="_ftnref207" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn207;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[207]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Finally, after five years residence, an LPR can apply for naturalization to
obtain full citizenship.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn208" name="_ftnref208" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn208;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[208]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Because entering the United States as an immigrant affords general work
authorization, indefinite residence status, the ability to petition for the
entrance of family members, travel rights, and a clear path to citizenship, STEM
workers may prefer to enter the United States as immigrants. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Entering the United States as an
immigrant affords fairly robust rights to STEM workers, but this route is not
always immediately available to those seeking to work in this country. Annual
caps limit the number of employment-based immigrants (and family members) that
are permitted to move to the United States.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn209" name="_ftnref209" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn209;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[209]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Only 65,918 employer-sponsored immigrants (along with their spouses and
children) were admitted in 2013.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn210" name="_ftnref210" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn210;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[210]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
These limited immigration opportunities are allocated according to a priority
system.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn211" name="_ftnref211" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn211;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[211]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Most STEM workers fall under the second or third priority categories (EB-2 and
EB-3) for “aliens who are members of the professions holding advanced degrees
or aliens of exceptional ability” and “skilled workers, professionals, and
other workers.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn212" name="_ftnref212" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn212;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[212]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
EB-2 and EB-3 applicants are each guaranteed approximately 40,000 spots per
year (in addition to any spots that are not used by higher priority categories)—80,000
spots out of 140,000.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn213" name="_ftnref213" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn213;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[213]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limits based on country of origin also
restrict access to immigrant status. No group of immigrants from any one
country can receive more than seven percent of the employment-based immigration
spots in a given year.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn214" name="_ftnref214" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn214;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[214]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Because visa demand from a few countries greatly exceeds seven percent per
year, the national origin restriction has created a bottleneck in the employment-based
immigration system. The affected countries are China, India, Mexico, and the
Philippines.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn215" name="_ftnref215" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn215;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[215]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
A STEM worker from China currently faces a backlog of applications going back
six years before they can get permanent resident status.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn216" name="_ftnref216" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn216;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[216]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Applicants from India face even longer backlogs—applicants that became eligible
for immigrant status in March 2013 waited over eleven years for that chance.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn217" name="_ftnref217" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn217;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[217]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
U.S. employers are highly unlikely to wait eleven years in order to hire an
employee through the immigrant process.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn218" name="_ftnref218" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn218;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[218]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
As a result, eligibility backlogs, and processing times,<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn219" name="_ftnref219" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn219;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[219]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
make it “</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">virtually impossible to hire an individual” through this system.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn220" name="_ftnref220" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn220;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[220]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> As a
result, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">most STEM workers enter the United
States as non-immigrants.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn221" name="_ftnref221" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn221;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[221]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Entrance as a “Non-immigrant”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Employers are much more likely to
hire STEM workers as temporary, non-immigrant, workers,<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn222" name="_ftnref222" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn222;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[222]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
but non-immigrants do not have the robust rights afforded immigrants.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn223" name="_ftnref223" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn223;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[223]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Non-immigrant admission statuses are limited to specific times and purposes.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn224" name="_ftnref224" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn224;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[224]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
There are many non-immigrant statuses,<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn225" name="_ftnref225" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn225;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[225]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
but the two that are most relevant to STEM workers may enter the United States
for a temporary period to study at a U.S. University or to work in a “specialty
occupation” at a U.S. company.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn226" name="_ftnref226" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn226;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[226]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Failure to maintain a full course load or failure to remain employed to a
sponsoring employer may violate the terms of a non-immigrant’s admission to the
United States, making her removable.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn227" name="_ftnref227" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn227;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[227]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Because non-immigrant admission only
authorizes temporary residence, many non-immigrant STEM workers attempt to
become lawful permanent residents by way of a process called “adjustment of
status.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn228" name="_ftnref228" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn228;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[228]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
However, backlogs in the employment-based (“EB”) system prevent many
non-immigrants from adjusting status for many years.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn229" name="_ftnref229" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn229;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[229]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Largely because the EB system fails
to accommodate many people seeking adjustment of status, measures are in place
to extend non-immigrant students and temporary workers stays in the United
States. Changes have been made to make it easier for non-immigrants to change
U.S. employers, by allowing them to ‘port’ their H-1B status from one sponsor
to the next without waiting for authorization from INS.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn230" name="_ftnref230" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn230;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[230]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
However, h-1b non-immigrants seeking to change employers still face a
significant risk that they will lose lawful status by quitting their job.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn231" name="_ftnref231" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn231;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[231]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Non-immigrants admitted to the United States for the purpose of studying at a
U.S. University may choose to extend their stay by one year through program
called optional practical training (“OPT”). Most students are eligible for a
12-month extension under OPT.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn232" name="_ftnref232" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn232;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[232]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
STEM students are permitted an even longer extension—17 months.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn233" name="_ftnref233" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn233;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[233]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
These stop-gap measures have undoubtedly enabled many STEM immigrants to adjust
status who would not have been able to do so otherwise,<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn234" name="_ftnref234" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn234;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[234]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
but large backlogs of people seeking adjustment of status continue to be a
problem.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn235" name="_ftnref235" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn235;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[235]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H-1b has become the vehicle of
choice for employers seeking to hire foreign-born STEM workers.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn236" name="_ftnref236" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn236;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[236]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
However, demand currently outstrips the number of h-1b non-immigrants admitted
each year.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn237" name="_ftnref237" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn237;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[237]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Demand
exceeds the number of applicants admitted, because H-1b admissions have been
capped at 65,000 per year.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn238" name="_ftnref238" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn238;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[238]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
In 2000, in an effort to “clear out the backlog of pending” h-1b applications,
Congress increased the cap to 195,000 people per year for three years.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn239" name="_ftnref239" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn239;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[239]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
However, after three years, the cap reverted to 65,000 admissions.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn240" name="_ftnref240" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn240;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[240]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This year the INS stopped giving out visas in June, three months after the
start of the season.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn241" name="_ftnref241" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn241;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[241]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CRITIQUE OF THE STATUS QUO<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In order to admit STEM workers to
the United States the temporary employment system should be disfavored in favor
of the much less used, EB system of immigration, because immigrants under the
temporary employment system have limited rights that do not permit them to
assimilate into public life and engage in action.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immigrant STEM workers may be in
high demand because they are easier to exploit.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn242" name="_ftnref242" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn242;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[242]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
As explained previously temporary workers have limited rights in the United
States. They do not have complete freedom of movement; instead, they are tied
to a single U.S. employer, and must obtain special permission in order to
change jobs.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn243" name="_ftnref243" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn243;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[243]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Because temporary workers immigration rights are tied to continued employment,
they have a strong incentive to maintain their job, because losing a job could
mean being forced to leave the country.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn244" name="_ftnref244" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn244;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[244]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
As a result, foreign-born temporary workers are credited with being more
“loyal” to their employers compared to native workers.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn245" name="_ftnref245" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn245;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[245]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The threat of losing immigration status motivates temporary workers to stay at
job longer, regardless of working conditions or relative pay.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn246" name="_ftnref246" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn246;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[246]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some commentators have described
temporary work immigration statuses, such as the h-1b, as a form of indentured
servitude.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn247" name="_ftnref247" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn247;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[247]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “Be
wary of H1-B visas in the USA—you basically get shackled to a company . . . being
a non-American in the USA is almost like being a second-class citizen,” stated
an Australian worker who worked in the United States under the H1-B status.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn248" name="_ftnref248" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn248;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[248]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Immigrant STEM workers are not integrated as equals into public life, but are
instead relegated to a secondary status, similar to the immigrants in colonial
Massachusetts.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn249" name="_ftnref249" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn249;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[249]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temporary work status immigrants do
not occupy “spaces of freedom.” They do not enjoy basic rights to movement.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn250" name="_ftnref250" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn250;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[250]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
They are not secure in their position in the United States, and could be forced
to leave simply because they leave their employer or are fired.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn251" name="_ftnref251" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn251;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[251]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
As a result, they are not able to engage in action. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“[T]</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">he</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
faculty of action … can be actualized only in one of the many manifold forms of
human community.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn252" name="_ftnref252" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn252;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[252]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The law separates the members of a community from nature.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn253" name="_ftnref253" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn253;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[253]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Temporary workers are neither inside, nor outside this community, because they
are not permanent members of the community in which they reside. A temporary
worker is a </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“a
human being or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">homo</i> in the original
sense of the word, indicating someone outside the range of the law and the body
politic of the citizens, as for instance a slave—but certainly a politically
irrelevant being.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn254" name="_ftnref254" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn254;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[254]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They are thus stripped of legal personality and exist as
mere bare life.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn255" name="_ftnref255" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn255;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[255]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Their biological life, work, and labor, are of political significance, but
their human life, and action, are irrelevant:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“[T]heir
freedom of movement, if they have it at all, gives them no right to residence[,]
which even the jailed criminal enjoys as a matter of course; and their freedom
of opinion is a fool’s freedom, for nothing they think matters anyhow… The
fundamental deprivation of human rights is manifested first and above all in
the deprivation of a place in the world which makes opinions significant and
actions effective… They are deprived not of the right to freedom but of a right
to action; not of the right to think whatever they please, but of the right to
opinion.” </span><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn256" name="_ftnref256" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn256;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[256]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Because
temporary workers are not fully part of their communities, their actions are
rendered irrelevant. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immigrants in this status cannot participate in an open
market for their services (because they are tied to one employer);<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn257" name="_ftnref257" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn257;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[257]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
they cannot engage in civil disobedience because they can be deported for
illegal activity;<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn258" name="_ftnref258" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn258;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[258]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
they can organize, but these organizations are politically irrelevant.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn259" name="_ftnref259" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn259;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[259]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Therefore, they cannot exercise
power, or freely act. As a result, individuals and the country are deprived of
potentialities that might otherwise be opened by these highly educated (and
often highly Americanized) individuals.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn260" name="_ftnref260" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn260;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[260]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Additionally, there is no reason to record or remember the actions of temporary
workers, because they are largely irrelevant to the community.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn261" name="_ftnref261" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn261;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[261]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Because their lives are less likely to be remembered, the lives of temporary
STEM workers have less meaning than would otherwise be possible if they were
full members of the United States.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn262" name="_ftnref262" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn262;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[262]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Because the words and deeds of temporary workers are largely
irrelevant, even if the working conditions and treatment of temporary workers
happened to be better than the working conditions of U.S. citizens, temporary
work status would still be a “fate worse than death,” because, temporary
workers would still lead ignominious lives outside the public realm of the
United States.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn263" name="_ftnref263" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn263;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[263]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
They do not have access to spaces of freedom where they could disclose
themselves and have a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bios</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are competing explanations for
the high demand for foreign born STEM workers in the United States. Foreign
born STEM workers may be in high demand because they are easier to exploit.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn264" name="_ftnref264" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn264;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[264]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
However, foreign-born STEM workers may fill critical niche positions at
high-tech companies that cannot be supplied by the domestic labor market.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn265" name="_ftnref265" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn265;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[265]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Some STEM workers come to the United States with no intent to permanently
immigrate, and are simply filling a temporary technological niche that is
desperately needed by a corporation.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn266" name="_ftnref266" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn266;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[266]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Such workers may actually have greater mobility than the average American, and
the appropriate context for them to exercise freedom of action will be among
their peers in their country of origin.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn267" name="_ftnref267" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn267;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[267]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Therefore, there likely is an appropriate use for the H1-B, and other temporary
worker, non-immigrant statuses.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn268" name="_ftnref268" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn268;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[268]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
However, because of the potential damaging effects of temporary work status on
the lives of immigrants seeking long-term residence in the United States, the
temporary work program should be disfavored.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">PROPOSALS FOR
CHANGE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
order to address the apparent demand for foreign-born STEM workers, several bills
have been advanced in Congress, which increase the number of STEM workers that
are permitted to reside and work in the United States.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn269" name="_ftnref269" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn269;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[269]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Two of the most recent
proposals are the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration
Modernization Act (“Immigration Modernization Act”) and the Immigration
Innovation Act of 2013 (“Immigration Innovation Act).<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn270" name="_ftnref270" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn270;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[270]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Both acts would expand the
amount of STEM workers that would be permitted to permanently immigrate to the
United States. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration
Modernization Act (“Immigration Modernization Act”).<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Immigration Modernization Act is intended to be a “comprehensive” immigration
reform.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn271" name="_ftnref271" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn271;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[271]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The text of the most current version of the bill is almost twelve-hundred pages
long.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn272" name="_ftnref272" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn272;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[272]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
It includes provisions that would utilize National Guard units to assist border
patrol, create a non-immigrant category for low-skilled temporary workers and a
point-based system to allocate permanent resident status, and of relevance to
this paper, it creates a new employment-based immigration category for workers
with advanced STEM degrees from U.S. educational institutions.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn273" name="_ftnref273" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn273;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[273]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Under
this proposal, STEM workers that have advanced degrees (masters or doctorates)
from qualifying U.S. Universities and have offers of employment from U.S.
employers will almost be guaranteed permanent residence.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn274" name="_ftnref274" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn274;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[274]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Instead of being subject
to numerical limitations under the second or third employment-based immigration
preference category (EB-2 or EB-3), STEM workers will be exempted from
numerical limitations.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn275" name="_ftnref275" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn275;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[275]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> As a result, a great
deal more STEM workers will be eligible for permanent residence than are permitted
to become LPRs under the status quo.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn276" name="_ftnref276" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn276;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[276]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
addition to permitting unlimited immigrant statuses for STEM workers that
graduated with advanced degrees from US educational institutions, the Immigration
Modernization Act also eliminates per country limits on employment-based
immigration.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn277" name="_ftnref277" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn277;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[277]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Therefore, immigrants from countries with a large number of applicants, such as
India and China, will not be subject to separate limits to immigration.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn278" name="_ftnref278" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn278;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[278]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> All immigrants will be
treated the same regardless of their place of origin.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn279" name="_ftnref279" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn279;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[279]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Along with eliminating
per country limits, the Immigration Modernization Act also increases (or
decreases) the overall employment-based immigration limit based on demand from
the previous year.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn280" name="_ftnref280" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn280;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[280]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Depending on demand the
overall limit could increase to as much as 250,000 people per year.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn281" name="_ftnref281" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn281;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[281]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This would greatly
reduce the backlog of immigrants seeking LPR status in other categories, such
as EB-2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“aliens who are members of the
professions holding advanced degrees or aliens of exceptional ability”</span><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn282" name="_ftnref282" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn282;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[282]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
providing unlimited LPR statuses to STEM workers that graduate from U.S.
educational institutions, and dramatically increasing the number of LPR
statuses that will be granted to other employment-based immigrants, the
Immigration Modernization Act greatly increases the amount of STEM workers that
can come to the United States as permanent residents.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Immigration Innovation Act of 2013 (“Immigration
Innovation Act”)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Like
the Immigration Modernization Act, the Immigration Innovation Act provides
expanded opportunities to STEM workers by creating a new immigration category
for STEM workers.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn283" name="_ftnref283" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn283;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[283]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> However, the special
category for STEM workers created by the Immigration Innovation Act is much
more limited than the category created under the Immigration Modernization Act,
because it is both numerically limited and has additional requirements that STEM
workers must meet.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn284" name="_ftnref284" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn284;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[284]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Immigration Innovation Act creates a new immigration status for STEM workers
called “conditional permanent residence.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn285" name="_ftnref285" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn285;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[285]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Conditional permanent
residence under this category is limited to fifty-thousand STEM graduates per
year.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn286" name="_ftnref286" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn286;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[286]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Such STEM graduates must have graduated with an advanced degree from a
qualified U.S. education institution (same as under the Immigration Modernization
Act).<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn287" name="_ftnref287" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn287;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[287]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Once an individual obtains residence under this category, their residence is
limited to either (1) “1 year after the expiration of the alien's student visa
… if the alien is diligently searching for an opportunity to become actively
engaged in a STEM field;” or (2) for as long as “the alien remains actively
engaged in a STEM field.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn288" name="_ftnref288" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn288;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[288]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A STEM worker’s
residence in the U.S. under this provision requires active engagement in a STEM
field.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn289" name="_ftnref289" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn289;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[289]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The term “actively engaged in a STEM field” is not defined; therefore it is not
clear how rigorous this requirement will be in practice.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn290" name="_ftnref290" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn290;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[290]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Regardless of how strict
the requirement of active engagement in a STEM field is in practice,
conditional permanent residence is more limited than ordinary LPR-status.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn291" name="_ftnref291" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn291;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[291]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Additionally, conditional permanent residents are not
eligible for “unemployment compensation … or [] any Federal means-tested public
benefit.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn292" name="_ftnref292" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn292;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[292]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Conditional
permanent residents are not entitled the same benefits as </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">permanent
residents generally.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn293" name="_ftnref293" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn293;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[293]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
five years of active engagement in a STEM field, conditional permanent
residents would automatically be converted into ordinary LPRs, if the Immigration
Innovation Act became the law of the land.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn294" name="_ftnref294" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn294;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[294]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Like
the Immigration Modernization Act, the Immigration Innovation Act also
eliminates per country limits on employment-based immigration.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn295" name="_ftnref295" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn295;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[295]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Therefore, this
proposal, like the last, would alleviate the backlogs of permanent residence
applications from high-volume employment-based immigration countries, such as
India and China.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn296" name="_ftnref296" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn296;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[296]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED LEGISLATION REGARDING STEM IMMIGRANTS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Improved
Opportunities for Action<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Both
immigration categories, under the Immigration Modernization Act and the
Immigration Innovation Act, make it much more likely that STEM immigrants will
be able to lead active, meaningful lives. By providing STEM workers with much
greater access to immigrant status (i.e. permanent residence) STEM workers will
have basic rights of movement that are not available to temporary workers. As LPRs
STEM workers will be able to reside in the United States indefinitely; their
legal residence will not be conditioned on maintaining a specific job or course
of study.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn297" name="_ftnref297" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn297;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[297]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While extending LPR status to an
immigrant increases their rights of movement and economic rights, these
economic rights do not perfectly maximize action, because “the faculty of
action … can be actualized only in one of the many manifold forms of human
community.”<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn298" name="_ftnref298" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn298;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[298]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Permanent residents are not complete members of a community composed of
citizens. They cannot vote, and they’re ability to engage in civil disobedience
is limited, because they can be deported for committing crimes.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn299" name="_ftnref299" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn299;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[299]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Even
though permanent residence is not complete membership, being granted immigrant
status puts STEM workers on a path to full integration through citizenship.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn300" name="_ftnref300" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn300;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[300]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> After residing in the
United States for five years, LPRs are eligible to apply for citizenship.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn301" name="_ftnref301" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn301;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[301]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> By including immigrants
in its community, the Pennsylvania model maximizes the potential for immigrants
to engage in action. As citizens, STEM workers will have more opportunity to
engage in action and have meaningful lives. They will have equal opportunity to
vote, organize politically, and serve in political offices. They will even be
able to engage in civil disobedience, without risk of being expelled from the
community. They will be complete members, with full access to whatever limited
public institutions the U.S. has to offer. Because both the Immigration
Modernization Act and the Immigration Innovation Act would increase the
opportunity for STEM workers to fully integrate into U.S. citizenry, both
proposals bring the U.S. closer to the Pennsylvania model of immigration. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Immigration Modernization Act is particularly good in this regard. It provides
unlimited immigration statuses to individuals that graduate with advanced STEM
degrees from U.S. universities, and drastically increases the number of other
employment-based workers that will be able to obtain immigrant status in the
United States.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn302" name="_ftnref302" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn302;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[302]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> In this way it could
change the U.S. employment immigration system from one that relies heavily on
(potentially exploitative) temporary worker statuses, into one that actively
integrates employment-based immigrants through permanent residence, and
eventual citizenship. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Immigration Innovation Act is a weaker proposal than the Immigration
Modernization Act. The numerical limits on immigration under the Immigration
Innovation Act have the potential to push many STEM immigrants into temporary
work statuses, such as the H1-B.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn303" name="_ftnref303" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn303;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[303]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Living under a temporary
work status makes it much less likely that STEM immigrants will be able to have
“active” lives, because their legal status in the country will be unstable
(“conditional”).<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn304" name="_ftnref304" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn304;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[304]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Even if STEM workers are
able to obtain conditional permanent residence, the additional conditions for
permanent residence undermine the potential for STEM immigrants to have active
lives, because residence is conditioned on active engagement in a STEM field.
The ambiguity regarding what it means to be “actively engaged in a STEM field”
may limit STEM immigrants’ choices and activities; forcing them into a
condition similar to temporary workers, where they cannot act freely for fear
of losing their employment and their residence status.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn305" name="_ftnref305" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn305;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[305]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Additionally,
the unequal treatment of conditional permanent residents in regard to
government benefits is not like the Pennsylvania model of full integration, and
is instead closer to the Virginia model. Conditional permanent residents must
work in their field in order to remain in the United States, and are not given
access to the social safety net of the community.<a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftn306" name="_ftnref306" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn306;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[306]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This is an exploitative,
rather than integrative, policy. Rather than limiting the rights of STEM
immigrants to the United States (as per the Virginia model), STEM immigrants
should be given rights that are roughly equal to those of citizens. By
welcoming, and integrating, rather than exploiting STEM immigrants, the U.S.
system can move in close alignment with the Pennsylvania model of immigration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Employment-based
immigration policy can be improved by reducing or eliminating gaps in the
process of integration that can permanently relegate immigrants (even highly
skilled immigrants) to a pre-political position in society, where action—the
content of a meaningful life—is denied. For this reason, the U.S. reliance on a
system of temporary work statuses should be eliminated. The proposals regarding
STEM graduates analyzed here are both better than the status quo in the United
States, but the more comprehensive Immigration Modernization Act is superior to
the piecemeal Immigration Innovation Act. It is a more consistent application
of the Pennsylvania model, because it actively integrates immigrants by
providing them robust rights as immigrants and an opportunity to obtain full
membership in the community. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> M.I.A., <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kala</span> (Interscope Records 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hannah
Arendt, Imperialism: Part Two of the Origins of Totalitarianism</span> 297
(1968)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See, e.g.</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">TechNet</span>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">TechNet Executives Meet with President
Obama; Call on U.S. Policymakers to Spur Innovation Critical to Economic
Growth: Over 100 Leading Tech Execs Also Urge Swift Action This Year on High
Skilled Immigration Reform, </i>TechNet.org (last accessed March 25, 2013), </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.technet.org/technet-executives-meet-with-president-obama-call-on-u-s-policymakers-to-spur-innovation-critical-to-economic-growth/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.technet.org/technet-executives-meet-with-president-obama-call-on-u-s-policymakers-to-spur-innovation-critical-to-economic-growth/</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">; <span style="background: white;">H. Ronald Klasko, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Top Five Business Immigration Law Issues:
What Employers Need to Know in Today's Economy</i>, 19 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bus. L. Today </span>11, 14 (2009-2010) (arguing that the current
quotas for employment visas “bear no resemblance to business realities.”)</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Bill Gates, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How to Keep America Competitive</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wash.
Post</span> (February 25, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Steve Case, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Immigration Reform Can Spur Job Growth</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">U.S. News & World Report</span> (Dec. 7, 2012), <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2012/12/07/steve-case-immigration-reform-must-include-stem-visas-.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Jose
Pagliery, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">America's
Brain Drain Dilemma: Immigrant Students Who Leave</span></i><span style="color: black;">, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">CNN Money</span>
(February 1, 2013), </span>http://money.cnn.com/2013/01/31/smallbusiness/stem-immigrants/;
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Stuart Anderson, Nat’l Found. for Am.
Policy, NFAP Policy Brief July 2013: The Importance of International Students
to America</span> 1-2 (2013).<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Anderson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 6. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Anderson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 6; Pagliery, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i>
note 6.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i>
Immigration Innovation Act of 2013, S. 169, 113th Cong.
(2013); STEM Jobs Act of 2012, H.R. 6429, 112th Cong. (2012) (as passed by
House of Representatives, November 30, 2012); Benefits to Research and American
Innovation through Nationality Statutes Act of 2012 (“BRAINS Act”), S. 3553,
112th Cong. (2012); Attracting the Best and Brightest Act of 2012, H.R. 6412,
112th Cong. (2012); Startup Act 3.0, H.R. 714, 113th Cong. (2013) (as
introduced in H.R., February 14, 2013); <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">White
House Office of the Press Secretary, Fact Sheet: Fixing our Broken Immigration
System so Everyone Plays by the Rules</span> (2013) (available at </span><a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/01/29/fact-sheet-fixing-our-broken-immigration-system-so-everyone-plays-rules"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/01/29/fact-sheet-fixing-our-broken-immigration-system-so-everyone-plays-rules</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">) (endorsing
legislation to “‘Staple’ green cards to advanced STEM diplomas” and create a
“Startup visa”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Joshua Wright, How Foreign-Born
Graduates Impact the STEM Workforce Shortage Debate, Forbes (“More than 40
percent of the 25,000 STEM Ph.D.’s awarded in 2011 went to non-resident
students… And only an estimated 30 percent of all foreign students end up
staying on temporary work visas…”)
(“http://www.forbes.com/sites/emsi/-2013/05/28/how-foreign-born-graduates-impact-the-stem-worker-shortage-debate/”);
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ruth Ellen Wasem, Congressional Research
Service, Immigration of Foreign Nationals with Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Degrees</span> 3-6 (2012).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Anderson</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 6 at 2 (“International
students often become contributors to the U.S. economy as professors,
researchers and entrepreneurs. Nearly 40 percent of immigrant entrepreneurs in
recent venture-funded companies first entered the country as international students…”);
Pagliery, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 6. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 165.75pt;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Arendt, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Imperialism </span>at 301 (“The more highly
developed a civilization, the more accomplished the world it has produced, the
more at home men feel within the human artifice—the more they will resent
everything they have not produced, everything that is merely and mysteriously
given them. The human being who has lost his place in a community, his
political status in the struggle of his time, and the legal personality which
makes his actions and part of his destiny a consistent whole, is left with
those qualities which usually can become articulate only in the sphere of
private life and must remain unqualified, mere existence in all matters of
public concern.”).<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See e.g.</i> Anderson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i>
note 6; Gates, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 4; Case, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 5; <span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Jason DeParle, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Favoring Immigration if Not the Immigrant</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wash. Post</span> (May 8, 2011).</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Arendt, The Human Condition at 154.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Arendt, The Human Condition at 154; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">
http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/martinsf/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">DeParle, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supra</i> note 11 (Martin “is less worried about how many immigrants
come than about what rights they have.”); Susan F. Martin, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">A Nation of Immigrants</span> 1 (2011). </span><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susan F.
Martin, A Nation of Immigrants</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (2011).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Martin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 7, at 2 (citing </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lawrence H. Fuchs, The American Kaleidoscope: Race, Ethnicity,
and the Civic Culture</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 8 (1990))</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 22.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 22.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 7.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 136-139.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hannah
Arendt, The Human Condition</span> 7, 240-41<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(2nd ed. 1958)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 22.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> On Revolution 281-282; Imperialism 296-301. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Martin at 4, 11, 41; Arendt, On Revolution at 281-282; Arendt,
The Human Condition at 31, 84.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution at 246-49 (“The
freedom of the people is in its private life … These words indeed spell out the
death sentence for all organs of the people…”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> at 4, 287-309<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i> at 4 (“the Pennsylvania model reflects what has been best
in immigration to the United States”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 22<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 22<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See e.g. id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> There may come a time where the
“human condition,” a combination of labor, work, and action will no longer
apply to people living on this earth. There may come a day when the
consciousness of people are downloaded directly into silicon memory devices.
David Eagleman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Silicon Immortality:
Downloading Consciousness Into Computers</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">This
Will Change Everything: Ideas that will Shape the Future</span> 99 (John
Brockman ed. 2009). In which case producing food, eating, and sleeping—i.e. the
human condition of labor—would no longer be necessary. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Arendt, The
Human Condition at 7. Additionally, the potential for interaction between
people creating something new—i.e. the human condition of action—is becoming
less and less likely under the weight of consumerism and bureaucracy. Arendt,
The Human Condition at 179. If labor or action are eliminated from the lives of
future people, they may no longer be subject to the “human condition.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i> Arendt calls a person that
neither labors, nor acts in multiplicity, but merely creates durable objects, a
“god.” Arendt, The Human Condition at 22. If individual consciences transcend
the human condition, “gods” may be an appropriate label for them. However,
cybernetics and consumerism have not yet advanced to the level where the human
condition is no longer relevant. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 7 (“Labor
is the activity which corresponds to the biological process of the human
body...”)<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition at 106-108. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition at 95, 106-108.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See e.g.</i> The Human Condition at 22. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition at 7, 95, 106-107. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 108.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>On Revolution 54, 136 (“affluence and wretchedness are only two
sides of the same coin”); The Human Condition at 108. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 108. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 120 (“the
perfect elimination of the pain and effort of labor would not only rob
biological life of its most natural pleasures but deprive the specifically
human life of its very liveliness and vitality.”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 13.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 13.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition 13, 95; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see
also</i> Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Soveriegn Power and Bare Life 1 (Daniel
Heller-Roazen)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Arendt, The Human Condition at 19.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition at 19, 95.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 95.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 136-139.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Arendt, The Human Condition at
137. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Acts “do not ‘produce,’ bring
forth anything, they are as futile as life itself. In order to become worldly
things, that is, deeds and facts and events and patterns of thoughts or ideas,
they must first be seen, heard, and remembered and then transformed, reified as
it were, into things—into sayings of poetry, the written page or the printed
book, into paintings or sculpture, into all sorts of records, documents, and
monuments.” The Human Condition at 95. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 95.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 95.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 95.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 137. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 137. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 31.8pt;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 71.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; Margaret Jane Radin, Property and Personhood, 34 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Stan. L. Rev.</span> 957 (1982).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 66-67 (“The
Human Condition at 71.”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 167. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition 206-207; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Aristotle,
Nicomachean Ethics</span> 1140a1-20. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 124-125, 158. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 9, 57, 137. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 267. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 171 (“a
carpenter’s workmanship has failed when he fabricates a two-legged table”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 171.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 13. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally</i> Martin Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology,
Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings from "Being and Time" (1927) to
"The Task of Thinking" (1964) (David Farrell Krell ed. 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 156. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 156, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin Heidegger</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Question Concerning Technology</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in</i>
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">The Question Concerning Technology and
Other Essays</span> 16-17 (William Lovitt trans 1977).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 154. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[84]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 154. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[85]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> The Human Condition at 154 (“Obviously there is no answer to
the question Lessing once put to the utilitarian philosophers of his time: “And
what is the use of use?”). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[86]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[87]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[88]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[89]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[90]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 154, 156.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[91]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 178. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[92]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E.g.</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hannah Arendt, On
Revolution</span> 182, 196 (1963)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[93]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 13, 95; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see also</i> Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer:
Soveriegn Power and Bare Life 1 (Daniel Heller-Roazen)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[94]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 13, 95; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see also</i> Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer:
Soveriegn Power and Bare Life 1 (Daniel Heller-Roazen)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[95]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 19<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[96]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[97]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Arendt, The Human Condition at 19.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[98]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[99]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[100]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> The Human Condition at 22.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[101]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 19, 97, 186,
320.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[102]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 178 ("The
new always happens against the overwhelming odds of statistical laws and their
probability, which for all practical, everyday purposes amounts to certainty;
the new therefore always appears in the guise of a miracle.").<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[103]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 240-241.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[104]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[105]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[106]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hannah
Arendt,</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Postscriptum to Thinking</i>,
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy</span>
3 (Ronald Beiner ed. 1992) (“free acts are exceptional”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[107]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition 178.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[108]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Hannah Arendt, Postscriptum to Thinking 3 (“The will is either
an organ of free spontaneity that interrupts all causal chains of motivation
that would bind it or it is nothing but an illusion.”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[109]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 25.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[110]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 25 (“Of all
the activities necessary and present in human communities, only two were deemed
to be political and to constitute what Aristotle called the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bios politikos</i>, namely action (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">praxis</i>) and speech (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lexis</i>), out of which rises the realm of human affairs … from which
everything merely necessary or useful is strictly excluded.”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[111]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition at 13; Hannah Arendt, Postscriptum to
Thinking 3.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[112]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 13, 83-84. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[113]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[114]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hannah
Arendt, Imperialism: Part Two of the Origins of Totalitarianism</span> 297
(1968)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[115]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 136-139.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[116]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Abraham H. Maslow, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Theory
of Human Motivation</i>, 50 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Psych. R</span>.
370, 373-74 (1943); Arendt, The Human Condition 13, 83-84. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[117]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition at 13, 83-84; Abraham H. Maslow, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Theory of Human Motivation</i>, 50 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Psych. R</span>. 370, 373-74 (1943).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[118]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition at 13, 83-84; Maslow, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">__</span>
at 383.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[119]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation 383; Arendt, The Human
Condition at 41. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[120]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> “To belong to the few ‘equals’ (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">homoioi</i>) meant to be permitted to live
amon one’s peers; but the public realm itself, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">polis</i>, was permeated by a fiercely agonal spirit, where everybody
had constantly to distinguish himself from all others, to show through unique
deeds or achievements that he was the best of all (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aien aristeuein</i>).” Arendt, The Human Condition at 41.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[121]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation 383;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> Arendt, The Human Condition</span> at<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> 10, 11, 31; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see also </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Abraham H. Maslow,
Toward a Psychology of Being 130-31, 218.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[122]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Theory of Human Motivation</i> 380-84; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[123]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[124]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; The Human Condition at 49 (“…for excellence, by
definition, the presence of others is always required, and this presence needs
the formality of the public, constituted by one’s peers, it cannot be the
casual familiar presence of one’s equals or inferiors.”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn125" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[125]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">generally</i> Maslow, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Theory of Human Motivation</i>; Arendt,
The Human Condition at 13; Arendt, Postscriptum to Thinking 3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn126" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[126]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 84
(“Because men were dominated by the necessities of life, they could win their
freedom only through the domination of those whom the subjected to necessity by
force.”), 119 (“the violent injustice of forcing one part of humanity into the
darkness of pain and necessity … the price for absolute freedom from necessity
is, in a sense, life itself, or rather the substitution of vicarious life for
real life. Under the conditions of slavery, the great of the earth could even
use their senses vicariously…”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[127]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id</i>. at 119.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn128" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[128]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 31.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[129]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 130, 179,
202; c<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-color-alt: windowtext; padding: 0in;">ompare </span></i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Carl von Clausewitz, On War</span> 119
(Anatol Rapoport ed., J.J. Graham trans., 1982). ("<span class="pnote"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-color-alt: windowtext; padding: 0in;">War</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">is a mere
continuation of policy by other means”); <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">William
R. Polk, Violent Politics: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A History of
Insurgency, Terrorism, and Guerilla War, from the American Revolution to Iraq</i></span>
(2008).</span><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[130]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 31.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[131]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> The Human Condition 31. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn132" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[132]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 31.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[133]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Arendt refers to slavery as a
violent injustice. The Human Condition at 84. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> also John Locke, Second Treatise on Government.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn134" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref134" name="_ftn134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[134]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution 66, 250, 252.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn135" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref135" name="_ftn135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[135]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution 243<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn136" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref136" name="_ftn136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[136]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution 242<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn137" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref137" name="_ftn137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[137]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution 252 (“with an almost
weird precision those councils, soviets and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rate</i>,
which were to make their appearance in every genuine revolution throughout the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries.”), 266, 268 (“The councils, obviously, were
spaces of freedom.”), 270. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn138" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref138" name="_ftn138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[138]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> On Revolution 241-49 (“An enormous appetite for debate, for
instruction, for mutual enlightenment and exchange of opinion, even if all
these were to remain without immediate consequences on those in power,
developed in these sections and societies.”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn139" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref139" name="_ftn139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[139]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See e.g. </i>Zizek <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Slavoj Zizek,
The Universal Exception</span> 51-53 (connecting Arendt’s approval of soviets
with contemporary examples of the spontaneous emergence of “direct democracy,”
including in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">favelas</i> of Brazil).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn140" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 168.5pt;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref140" name="_ftn140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[140]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition at 119<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn141" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref141" name="_ftn141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[141]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> On Revolution 242-244.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn142" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref142" name="_ftn142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[142]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution 242-243 (“For the
assumption of the Assembly then was that the Revolution had come to its end,
that the societies which the Revolution had brought forward were no longer
needed…”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn143" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref143" name="_ftn143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[143]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> The Human Condition 324; On Revolution 24<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn144" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref144" name="_ftn144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[144]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See e.g. </i>Zizek <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Slavoj Zizek,
The Universal Exception</span> 51-53<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn145" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref145" name="_ftn145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[145]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; The Human Condition at 119<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn146" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref146" name="_ftn146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[146]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Arendt, The Human Condition at 13, 41.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn147" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref147" name="_ftn147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[147]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 31, 36, 64,
fn. 45, 83. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn148" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref148" name="_ftn148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[148]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 84. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn149" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref149" name="_ftn149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[149]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id. </i>at 84, 31, 92.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn150" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref150" name="_ftn150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[150]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 31, 92.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn151" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref151" name="_ftn151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[151]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 31, 92 (“…the
very wage is a pledge of slavery”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn152" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref152" name="_ftn152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[152]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn153" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref153" name="_ftn153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[153]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn154" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref154" name="_ftn154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[154]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn155" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref155" name="_ftn155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[155]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Postscriptum to Thinking 3 (“free
acts are exceptional”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn156" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref156" name="_ftn156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[156]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Postscriptum to Thinking 3 (“free
acts are exceptional”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn157" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref157" name="_ftn157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[157]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Plato,
Apology</span> 37e-38a.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn158" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref158" name="_ftn158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[158]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution at 280-282.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn159" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref159" name="_ftn159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[159]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution at 280. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn160" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref160" name="_ftn160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[160]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution 281-282. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn161" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref161" name="_ftn161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[161]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susan F. Martin, A Nation of
Immigrants</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (2011); <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see also</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lawrence H.
Fuchs, The American Kaleidoscope: Race, Ethnicity, and the Civic Culture</span>
8-17 (1990);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn162" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref162" name="_ftn162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[162]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>DeParle, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note
7; Martin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 47 at 1.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn163" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref163" name="_ftn163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[163]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fuchs</span>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 47 at 8-9.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn164" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref164" name="_ftn164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[164]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn165" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref165" name="_ftn165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[165]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Martin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 47 at 11. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn166" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref166" name="_ftn166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[166]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at 11. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn167" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref167" name="_ftn167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[167]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> at 20-21, 24. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn168" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref168" name="_ftn168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[168]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn169" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref169" name="_ftn169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[169]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fuchs</span>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 47 at 17, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 47 at 26.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn170" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref170" name="_ftn170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[170]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> The Human Condition at 119; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn171" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref171" name="_ftn171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[171]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>On Revolution 124; 131. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn172" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref172" name="_ftn172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[172]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution 71.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn173" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref173" name="_ftn173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[173]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition 71, 84; On
Revolution 65-66. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn174" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref174" name="_ftn174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[174]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution 66<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn175" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref175" name="_ftn175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[175]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn176" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref176" name="_ftn176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[176]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Martin at 1-2, 27-28.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn177" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref177" name="_ftn177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[177]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> at 27.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn178" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref178" name="_ftn178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[178]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn179" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref179" name="_ftn179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[179]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> at 27-28 (“To those who did not share the beliefs of the
founders, Massachusetts applied a set of exclusionary policies.”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn180" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref180" name="_ftn180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[180]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>28.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn181" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref181" name="_ftn181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[181]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at 30.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn182" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref182" name="_ftn182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[182]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn183" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref183" name="_ftn183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[183]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fuchs</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 47 at 8-9; Martin at 30.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn184" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref184" name="_ftn184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[184]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Martin at 30. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn185" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref185" name="_ftn185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[185]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fuchs</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 47 at 8-9; Martin at 30.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn186" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 112.2pt;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref186" name="_ftn186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[186]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> Martin at 30; Arendt, The Human Condition at 36-37, 83. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn187" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref187" name="_ftn187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[187]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>Martin at 30; Arendt, The Human Condition at 155, 305. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn188" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref188" name="_ftn188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[188]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 47 at 4 (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“[T]he
Pennsylvania model reflects what has been best in immigration to the United
States.”)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn189" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref189" name="_ftn189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[189]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> at 4, 41. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn190" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref190" name="_ftn190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[190]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> at 44, 48 (“The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Frame of
Government</i> granted liberty of conscience to all who professed belief in a
Creator…”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn191" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref191" name="_ftn191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[191]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> at 41-42, 48-49. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn192" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref192" name="_ftn192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[192]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at 56. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn193" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref193" name="_ftn193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[193]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at 41; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fuchs</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 47 at 14. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn194" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref194" name="_ftn194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[194]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 47<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>at 41, 56, 59.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn195" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref195" name="_ftn195" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn195;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[195]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 47<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>at 41, 56, 59.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn196" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 165.75pt;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref196" name="_ftn196" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn196;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[196]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 47<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>at 41, 56, 59; On Revolution 282 (“The trouble lies in the lack of
public spaces to which people at large would have entrance and from which an elite
could be selected, or rather, where it could select itself.”)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn197" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref197" name="_ftn197" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn197;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[197]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i>; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See also</i> On
Revolution at 246-49, 280. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn198" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref198" name="_ftn198" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn198;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[198]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> See The Human Condition 324; On
Revolution 241 (“the Constitution itself provided a public space only for the
representatives of the people.”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn199" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref199" name="_ftn199" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn199;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[199]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> See id.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn200" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref200" name="_ftn200" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn200;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[200]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 47 at 4, 287-309.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn201" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref201" name="_ftn201" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn201;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[201]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see also</i> Fuchs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 47.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn202" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref202" name="_ftn202" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn202;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[202]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">INA § 101(a)(15), </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15) (1952), </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">§ 214(b), </span><a href="https://1.next.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=L&pubNum=1000546&cite=8USCAS1184&originatingDoc=I3f2627d164f211dbbe1cf2d29fe2afe6&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8 U.S.C. § 1184(b) (2000)</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see also</i> Steel
on Immigration Law § 3:1 (2d ed.).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn203" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref203" name="_ftn203" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn203;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[203]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1
Immigr. Law and Defense § 3:1 (2013 ed.).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn204" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref204" name="_ftn204" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn204;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[204]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>INA § 214(h), </span><a href="https://1.next.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=L&pubNum=1000546&cite=8USCAS1184&originatingDoc=I3f2627d164f211dbbe1cf2d29fe2afe6&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8 U.S.C. § 1184(h) (2000)</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">; </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 Immigration Law Service 2d § 4:2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn205" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref205" name="_ftn205" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn205;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[205]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR),
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Servs. (last accessed March 30, 2013)
http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a?vgnextoid-=07065c4f635f010VgnVCM1000000ecd190aRCRD&vgnextchannel=b328194d3e88d010VgnVCM10000048f3d6a1RCRD.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn206" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref206" name="_ftn206" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn206;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[206]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> INA § 203(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. §
1153(a)(2) (1995); <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see also</i> INA §
204(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a) (2009). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn207" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref207" name="_ftn207" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn207;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[207]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Lawful permanent residents are
generally not considered aliens seeking admission, unless than have been out of
the country for over 12 months. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn208" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref208" name="_ftn208" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn208;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[208]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> INA § 316, 8 U.S.C. § 1427 (1990).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn209" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref209" name="_ftn209" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn209;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[209]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>INA § 201(d), 8 U.S.C. § 1151(d) (1990); Nicaraguan Public
Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA), Pub. L. 105-100, 111 Stat.
2160 (1997) (reducing spaces for “other workers” by 5,000). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn210" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref210" name="_ftn210" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn210;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[210]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n 2012,
143,998 employment based immigrant statuses were granted. Of those, only 65,918
went to principal applicants, while 78,080 went spouses and children. U.S.
Department of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Homeland Security, Office
of Immigration Statistics, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics</span> tbl. 7
(2013) (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">http://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2012-legal-permanent-residents).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn211" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref211" name="_ftn211" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn211;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[211]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> INA § 203(b), 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)
(1990). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn212" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref212" name="_ftn212" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn212;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[212]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn213" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref213" name="_ftn213" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn213;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[213]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> Typically, each preference category
uses its full allotment.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Ruth Ellen
Wasem, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cong. Research Serv., Numerical
Limits on Employment-Based Immigration: Analysis of the Per-Country Ceilings 5</span>
(2011) (available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R42048.pdf).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn214" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref214" name="_ftn214" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn214;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[214]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> INA § 202(a)(2),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>8 U.S.C. § 1152(a)(2) (1990).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn215" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref215" name="_ftn215" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn215;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[215]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Visa
Bulletin for March 30, 2013, U.S. Dept. of State (February 8, 2013) (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">http://travel.state.gov/visa/-bulletin/bulletin_5885.html).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn216" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref216" name="_ftn216" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn216;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[216]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> This is calculation is based on
priority dates for Chinese</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> priority-two employment-based
immigration applicants. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn217" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref217" name="_ftn217" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn217;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[217]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> This is calculation is based on
priority dates for Indian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> priority-two employment-based
immigration applicants. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn218" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref218" name="_ftn218" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn218;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[218]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Stuart Anderson,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Should Congress Raise the</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><span class="cosearchterm"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">H</span></i></span><em>-</em><span class="cosearchterm"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1B</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><em>Cap?</em>, Testimony of
Stuart Anderson, Executive Director: National Foundation for American Policy
before the House Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims 2
(Mar. 30, 2006)<span class="apple-converted-space"> (</span><em>available at</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>http://www.nfap.com/researchactivities/-articles/Testimony033006.pdf).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn219" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref219" name="_ftn219" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn219;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[219]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeanne Batalova, Migration Policy Inst., The Growing
Connection Between Temporary and Permanent Immigration Systems 5-6 (2006); </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">see also </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lauren
E. Sasser, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Waiting in Immigration Limbo:
The Federal Court Split over Suits to Compel Action on Stalled Adjustment of
Status Applications</i>, 76 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fordham L.
Rev.</span> 2511, 2519 (2008).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn220" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref220" name="_ftn220" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn220;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[220]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Anderson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 23.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn221" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref221" name="_ftn221" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn221;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[221]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>INA § 245(k), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(k) (1990). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Only
a small proportion of employment-based immigrants are new arrivals--only 12
percent in 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">upra</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> note 17 at tbl. 6.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn222" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref222" name="_ftn222" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn222;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[222]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; Anderson <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note
23. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn223" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref223" name="_ftn223" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn223;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[223]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See e.g.</i> M<span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">atloff, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 12 at 855 (2003).</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn224" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref224" name="_ftn224" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn224;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[224]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> INA § 214(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1184(a)
(1990).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn225" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref225" name="_ftn225" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn225;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[225]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See generally </i>INA § <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn226" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref226" name="_ftn226" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn226;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[226]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> INA § 101(A)(15)(F), 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(15)(F) (2006) (admission with intent to study at a U.S. University); <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>8 C.F.R. § 214.2(f)(1)(i) (2011); INA
§§101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b), 214(i), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101, 1184(i) (defining “specialty
occupation”). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn227" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref227" name="_ftn227" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn227;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[227]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> INA § 101(a)(15)(F)(i), 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(15)(F)(i) (2006); 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(f)(6) (2011). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn228" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref228" name="_ftn228" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn228;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[228]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>INA § 245(k),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8 U.S.C. §
1255(k) (1990).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn229" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref229" name="_ftn229" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn229;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[229]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>notes<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>22-30.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn230" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref230" name="_ftn230" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn230;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[230]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> H. Ronald Klasko,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Competitiveness in the 21<sup>st</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> C</span>entury: H-1bs and Much More</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">77 No. 47 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Interpreter
Releases</span> 1689 (“The new law addresses the delay issue by allowing the
new employer to commence employment of the foreign national upon the <i>filing
of the new petition</i> rather than upon its <i>approval</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">…<i>”</i>); </span>“</span><span class="cosearchterm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">American</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span class="cosearchterm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Competitiveness</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="cosearchterm">Twenty</span>-<span class="cosearchterm">first</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="cosearchterm">Century</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="cosearchterm">Act</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of 2000,” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pub.L. 106–313,
Title I, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1251 § 105, INA § 214(n) 8 U.S.C. § 1184(m)
(200)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn231" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref231" name="_ftn231" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn231;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[231]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christopher Fulmer,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> A
Critical Look at the H-1b Visa Program and Its Effects on U.S. and Foreign
Workers: A Controversial Program Unhinged from Its Original Intent</i>, 13 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lewis & Clark L. Rev.</span> 823, 857
(2009).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn232" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref232" name="_ftn232" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn232;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[232]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(f)(10)(ii).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn233" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref233" name="_ftn233" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn233;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[233]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(f)(10)(ii)(C);
The Programmer's Guild, Inc. v. Chertoff, 130 S.Ct. 2090 (2010) (denying cert.
to a challenge to the 17-month extension for STEM students); see also<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>73 Fed. Reg. 18944 (Apr. 8, 2008)
(providing 90-day, “cap-gap” extension for students seeking h-1b status).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn234" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref234" name="_ftn234" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn234;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[234]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn235" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref235" name="_ftn235" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn235;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[235]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn236" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref236" name="_ftn236" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn236;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[236]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Joseph Weiner, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Specialty Occupation Requirement for the H-1b Visa</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">L.A. Law</span>., September 2010, at 14; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Batalova</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note
<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">__</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn237" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref237" name="_ftn237" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn237;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">[237]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Servs.</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">USCIS
Reaches Fiscal Year 2013 H-1B Cap</i> (<span style="background: white;">June 12,
2012), </span>http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/template.PRINT/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176-543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=ee9f3f93131e7310VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&vgnextchannel=68439c7755cb9010VgnVCM10000045f3d6a1RCRD.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn238" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref238" name="_ftn238" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn238;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[238]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> INA § 214(g)(1)(A). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn239" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref239" name="_ftn239" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn239;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[239]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">West Group</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Congress Clears H-1b Legislation in Surprise Move; President Clinton
Expected to Sign</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">77 NO. 39 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Interpreter Releases 1437</span>, 1438; “</span><span class="cosearchterm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">American</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span class="cosearchterm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Competitiveness</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="cosearchterm">Twenty</span>-<span class="cosearchterm">first</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="cosearchterm">Century</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="cosearchterm">Act</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of 2000,” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pub.L. 106–313,
Title I, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1251 § 102 (amending INA § 214(g)(1)(A),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8 U.S.C. 1184(g)(1)(a)).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn240" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref240" name="_ftn240" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn240;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[240]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn241" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref241" name="_ftn241" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn241;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[241]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Servs., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i>
note 42. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn242" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref242" name="_ftn242" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn242;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[242]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn243" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref243" name="_ftn243" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn243;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[243]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> INA § 101(a)(15)(F)(i), 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(15)(F)(i) (2006); 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(f)(6) (2011).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn244" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref244" name="_ftn244" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn244;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[244]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn245" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref245" name="_ftn245" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn245;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[245]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Norman Matloff, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On the
Need for Reform of the H-1b Non-Immigrant Work Visa in Computer-Related
Occupations</i>, 36 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">U. Mich. J.L. Reform </span>815,
817 (2003).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn246" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref246" name="_ftn246" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn246;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[246]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn247" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref247" name="_ftn247" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn247;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[247]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See e.g.</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christopher
Fulmer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Critical Look at the H-1b Visa Program and
Its Effects on U.S. and Foreign Workers-A Controversial Program Unhinged from
Its Original Intent</i>, 13 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lewis &
Clark L. Rev.</span> 823, 857 (2009);</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> Norman Matloff, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On the
Needfor Reform of the H-JB Non-Immigrant Work Visa in Computer-Related
Occupations</i>, 36 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">U. Mich. J.L. Reform</span>
815, 868-69 (2003).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn248" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref248" name="_ftn248" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn248;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[248]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Nathan Cochrane, Fairfax IT: Fame,
Fortune, and a Bit of Nirvana, Fairfax IT, available at
http://linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/1999071300209PS (last visited July 13,
1999).</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn249" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref249" name="_ftn249" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn249;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[249]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; Martin at 30. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn250" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref250" name="_ftn250" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn250;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[250]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn251" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref251" name="_ftn251" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn251;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[251]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>INA § 101(a)(15)(F)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(F)(i) (2006); 8
C.F.R. § 214.2(f)(6) (2011).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn252" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref252" name="_ftn252" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn252;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[252]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Hannah Arendt, Collective
Responsibility 158 (1968).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn253" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref253" name="_ftn253" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn253;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[253]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The Human Condition at 63.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn254" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref254" name="_ftn254" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn254;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[254]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> On Revolution at 103.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn255" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref255" name="_ftn255" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn255;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[255]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn256" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: right 6.5in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref256" name="_ftn256" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn256;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[256]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hannah
Arendt, Imperialism: Part Two of the Origins of Totalitarianism</span> 296-297
(1968).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn257" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref257" name="_ftn257" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn257;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[257]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Nathan Cochrane, Fairfax IT: Fame,
Fortune, and a Bit of Nirvana, Fairfax IT, available at
http://linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/1999071300209PS (last visited July 13,
1999).</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn258" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref258" name="_ftn258" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn258;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[258]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Generally speaking temporary
workers, and LPR’s, can be deported if they commit a crime involving moral
turpitude and commit a crime which a sentence of one year or longer may be
imposed a sentence, or commit two or more crimes involving moral turpitude. INA
§ 237(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2) (1990). A “crime involving moral turpitude” is
a common law term of art that generally refers to crimes that are relatively
severe and require a certain level of scienter. <a name="23_A.L.R._Fed._480"></a><a href="https://advance.lexis.com/GoToContentView?requestid=be51c0f0-c6ca-c2ac-1877-dbc6c468c6dc&crid=fe98f276-25df-f932-be60-b1b9ba96f2ba"><span style="mso-bookmark: "23_A\.L\.R\._Fed\._480";"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">23 A.L.R. Fed. 480</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: "23_A\.L\.R\._Fed\._480";"></span>(2013). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn259" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: right 6.5in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref259" name="_ftn259" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn259;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[259]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hannah
Arendt, Imperialism: Part Two of the Origins of Totalitarianism</span> 296-297
(1968).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn260" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref260" name="_ftn260" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn260;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[260]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Anderson</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 6 at 2; Pagliery, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i> note 6; Wright, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 11;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wasem, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note 11.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn261" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref261" name="_ftn261" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn261;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[261]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>On Revolution at 103.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn262" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref262" name="_ftn262" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn262;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[262]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn263" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref263" name="_ftn263" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn263;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[263]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>The Human Condition 84.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn264" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref264" name="_ftn264" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn264;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[264]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> INA §
101(a)(15)(F)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(F)(i) (2006); 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(f)(6)
(2011); </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Norman Matloff, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On the Need for Reform of the H-1b Non-Immigrant Work Visa in
Computer-Related Occupations</i>, 36 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">U.
Mich. J.L. Reform </span>815, 817 (2003); 6 Richard Freeman, “The Market for
Scientists and Engineers,” NBER Reporter, no. 3 (Summer 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn265" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref265" name="_ftn265" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn265;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[265]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ilana J.
Drummond, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hiring International Workers in
Today's Economy: New Challenges and Strategies</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Employing</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> International Workers, 2010
Edition: Leading Lawyers on Understanding Recent <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Immigration</span> Trends, Navigating the Visa Process, and Meeting
Compliance Requirements</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 69 (Aspatore ed. 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn266" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref266" name="_ftn266" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn266;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[266]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ilana J.
Drummond, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hiring International Workers in
Today's Economy: New Challenges and Strategies</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Employing</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> International Workers, 2010
Edition: Leading Lawyers on Understanding Recent <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Immigration</span> Trends, Navigating the Visa Process, and Meeting
Compliance Requirements</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 69 (Aspatore ed. 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn267" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref267" name="_ftn267" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn267;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[267]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn268" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref268" name="_ftn268" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn268;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[268]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn269" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref269" name="_ftn269" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn269;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[269]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See e.g.</i> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">STEM Jobs Act of 2012,
H.R. 6429, 112th Cong. (2012) (as passed by House of Representatives, November
30, 2012); </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Immigration Innovation Act of 2013,
S. 169, 113th Cong. (2013); </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Benefits to Research and American Innovation through
Nationality Statutes Act of 2012 (“BRAINS Act”), S. 3553, 112th Cong. (2012);
Attracting the Best and Brightest Act of 2012, H.R. 6412, 112th Cong. (2012);
Startup Act 3.0, H.R. 714, 113th Cong. (2013) (as introduced in H.R., February
14, 2013); Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization
Act,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S. 744, 113th Cong. (2013-2014) (as
passed by Senate June 27, 2013).</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn270" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref270" name="_ftn270" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn270;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[270]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Startup Act
3.0, H.R. 714, 113th Cong. (2013) (as introduced in H.R., February 14, 2013); </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Immigration Innovation Act of 2013, S.
169, 113th Cong. (2013); </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Border Security, Economic
Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>S. 744, 113th Cong. (2013-2014) (as passed by Senate June 27, 2013)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn271" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref271" name="_ftn271" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn271;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[271]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Preface to
the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act,
S. 744, 113th Cong. (2013-2014) (as passed by Senate June 27, 2013).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn272" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref272" name="_ftn272" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn272;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[272]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is
exactly 1,197 pages long. Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and
Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744, 113th Cong at 1. (2013-2014) (as passed
by Senate June 27, 2013), available at
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113s744pap/pdf/BILLS-113s744pap.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn273" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref273" name="_ftn273" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn273;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[273]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Border Security, Economic
Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744, 113th Cong § 1103,
2231, 2307(b)(N) (2013-2014) (as passed by Senate June 27, 2013).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn274" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref274" name="_ftn274" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn274;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[274]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Border Security, Economic
Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744, 113th Cong § 2307(b)(N)
(2013-2014) (as passed by Senate June 27, 2013); </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">INA § 201(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(1) (1990).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn275" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref275" name="_ftn275" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn275;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[275]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn276" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref276" name="_ftn276" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn276;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[276]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Border Security, Economic
Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744, 113th Cong § 2307(b)(N)
(2013-2014) (as passed by Senate June 27, 2013); </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">INA § 201(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(1) (1990).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn277" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref277" name="_ftn277" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn277;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[277]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Border
Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744,
113th Cong § 2306.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn278" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref278" name="_ftn278" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn278;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[278]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; <span style="background: white; color: black; font-variant: small-caps; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Stuart Anderson, Nat’l Found. for
Am. Policy, Waiting and More Waiting: America’s Family and Employment-Based
Immigration System 1, 2, 7 (2011).</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn279" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref279" name="_ftn279" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn279;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[279]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Border Security, Economic
Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744, 113th Cong § 2306
(2013-2014).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn280" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref280" name="_ftn280" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn280;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[280]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Id. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">at § 2304, 2306.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn281" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref281" name="_ftn281" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn281;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[281]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Border
Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744,
113th Cong § 2304</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn282" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref282" name="_ftn282" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn282;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[282]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See id.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> at § 2304, 2306; </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">INA § 203(b), 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)
(1990).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn283" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref283" name="_ftn283" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn283;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[283]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immigration Innovation Act of 2013,
S. 169, 113th Cong. § 216B (2013); Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and
Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744, 113th Cong § 2307(b).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn284" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref284" name="_ftn284" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn284;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[284]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn285" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref285" name="_ftn285" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn285;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[285]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immigration Innovation Act of 2013,
S. 169, 113th Cong. § 216B (2013).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn286" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref286" name="_ftn286" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn286;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[286]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Id.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn287" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref287" name="_ftn287" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn287;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[287]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Id.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn288" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref288" name="_ftn288" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn288;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[288]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Id.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn289" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref289" name="_ftn289" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn289;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[289]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Id.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn290" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref290" name="_ftn290" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn290;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[290]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i>; “[T]here is no consensus on the definition of STEM fields
within academia or federal agencies.” Ruth Ellen Wasem, Congressional Research
Service, Immigration of Foreign Nationals with Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Degrees 25 (2012).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn291" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref291" name="_ftn291" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn291;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[291]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn292" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref292" name="_ftn292" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn292;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[292]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i> at § 216B(c).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn293" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref293" name="_ftn293" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn293;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[293]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26 USC § 3304(a)(14)(A)(1990).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn294" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref294" name="_ftn294" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn294;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[294]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immigration Innovation Act of 2013,
S. 169, 113th Cong.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> at
§ 216B(e).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn295" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref295" name="_ftn295" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn295;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[295]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immigration Innovation Act of 2013,
S. 169, 113th Cong.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> at
§ 5.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn296" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref296" name="_ftn296" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn296;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[296]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn297" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref297" name="_ftn297" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn297;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[297]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Norman Matloff, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On the Need for Reform of the H-1b Non-Immigrant Work Visa in
Computer-Related Occupations</i>, 36 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">U.
Mich. J.L. Reform </span>815, 817 (2003); 6 Richard Freeman, “The Market for
Scientists and Engineers,” NBER Reporter, no. 3 (Summer 2007).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn298" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref298" name="_ftn298" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn298;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[298]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Hannah Arendt, Collective
Responsibility 158 (1968).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn299" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref299" name="_ftn299" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn299;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[299]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See supra </i>note 257; INA § 237(a)(2), (6), 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2), (6);
</span><a href="https://advance.lexis.com/GoToContentView?requestid=be51c0f0-c6ca-c2ac-1877-dbc6c468c6dc&crid=fe98f276-25df-f932-be60-b1b9ba96f2ba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">23 A.L.R. Fed. 480</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn300" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref300" name="_ftn300" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn300;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[300]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i>INA <span style="color: black;">Sec. 316(a), 8 U.S.C. 1427(a)
(1990).</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn301" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref301" name="_ftn301" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn301;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[301]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn302" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref302" name="_ftn302" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn302;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[302]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Border Security, Economic
Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744, 113th Cong § 2306, 2307(b)(N)
(2013-2014) (as passed by Senate June 27, 2013); </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">INA § 201(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(1) (1990).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn303" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref303" name="_ftn303" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn303;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[303]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immigration Innovation Act of 2013,
S. 169, 113th Cong. § 216B.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn304" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref304" name="_ftn304" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn304;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[304]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn305" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref305" name="_ftn305" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn305;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[305]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See id.</i>; Fulmer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra </i>note
230. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn306" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///D:/Documents/Old%20Law%20School%20Classes/Hannah%20Arendt%20Seminar/Note/An%20Arendtian%20Critique%20of%20U.S.%20STEM%20Immigration%20Policy.docx#_ftnref306" name="_ftn306" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn306;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[306]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immigration Innovation Act of 2013,
S. 169, 113th Cong. § 216B.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-35867924683141218822021-06-27T10:50:00.003-07:002021-06-27T10:50:47.014-07:00Defending and Expanding Popular Sovereignty (Church Talk)<p><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">By Zachary C. Myers</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[BURR]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The constitution’s a mess<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[HAMILTON]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So it needs amendments<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[BURR]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It’s full of contradictions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[HAMILTON]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So is independence<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We have to start somewhere<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We won the war<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What was it all for?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Do you support this constitution?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[BURR]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Of course<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[HAMILTON]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Then defend it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[BURR]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">And what if you’re backing the wrong horse?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[HAMILTON]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Burr, we studied and we fought and we killed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For the notion of a nation we now get to build<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For once in your life, take a stand with pride<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I don’t understand how you stand to the side<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">--Lin Manuel Miranda, Hamilton<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I’ve been asked to talk today about President Dallin H.
Oaks talk, Defending Our Divinely Inspired Constitution<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I would like to take you on a journey through Three
Stages of Constitutional History:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">First,
we’ll go back in time to the Revolutionary Era to see the birth of the
Constitution;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Second,
we’ll travel forward in time to the Reconstruction Era when the Constitution
was saved and by Lincoln and the Republicans; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Third,
we’ll continue traveling forward to the modern day and discuss how we can
continue defending and improving our Constitutional system. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Revolutionary Era <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">First, let’s hop in this
time machine and travel back to the Revolutionary Era. Zip! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">During the Revolutionary
Era, the Constitution was a bold experiment in popular sovereignty. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Popular sovereignty is
the idea that the right to rule is derived from the consent of the governed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The question that popular
sovereignty answered, was what makes a government legitimate? Traditionally, in
European monarchies, legitimacy was based on the divine rule of kings. “I’m King
cuz God said so. So you have to do what I say.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In America, the colonies
had rejected the idea that King George had a divine right to rule. They declared:
Independence! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Declaration of Independence
States:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“We hold these truths to
be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and
the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are
instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the
governed, --….”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">King George famously responded,
“And when push comes to shove, I will send a fully armed battalion to remind
you of my love!” JK. That’s from the Hamilton Musical. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">At the time, popular
sovereignty was a pretty radical notion. The Church of England likely would
have called the Founders radical heretics. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">During the Revolution,
the U.S. government was nothing more than a loose confederation of States. George
Washington’s Continental Army was hobbled by lack of resources. States contributed
to the Army on a purely voluntary basis. Washington was short on men, munitions,
and basic supplies—such as shoes and food. Sickness and disease killed more men
than British bullets. Fortunately, Washington held the Army together and the colonies
were able to win using guerilla tactics. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">After the Revolution, the
national government continued to struggle. The Continental Congress had no
authority to enforce its requests to the states for money or troops. U.S.
monetary policy was a disaster—Continental currency that was issued during the
war had become essentially worthless. There was no unifying economic policy.
States would make rules discouraging trade with other States—in some cases it
was cheaper to trade with foreign countries than with a neighboring State.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To address these
problems, in 1787, A convention was convened to discuss possible amendments to
the Articles of Confederation. The attendees included George Washington, James
Madison, and Benjamin Franklin. James Madison was the principal author of the Constitution.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Constitution gave
Congress the power to levy taxes directly—meaning the National government was
no longer dependent on State governments for funds. Congress also had the power
to enact uniform national monetary and economic policy. This created a much
stronger and more vital national government. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The supporters of the new
Constitution, wanted to create a strong nation founded on principles of popular
sovereignty. As a result, the referendum on ratification was the most open
election in American history up until that point. The Constitutional election
was open to every free man. Most state elections, by contrast, were only open
to wealthy land-owners. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In this way, the
Constitution was a bold experiment in democracy. The Founders took the concept
of a <i>social contract </i>literally. They actually wrote a contract and then went
to the electorate and obtained their <i>express</i> consent for a new form of
government. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hence, the preamble to
the Constitution states, “<i>We the People of the United States</i> … do ordain
and establish this Constitution ...” As Lincoln stated, the government was
established “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This empowerment of the
common man—and I do mean man, because women were still left out for many years—created
a new birth of freedom that was copied in popular revolutions throughout Europe
and eventually throughout the World. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dallin H. Oaks states, “A
constitution is the foundation of government. It provides structure and limits
for the exercise of government powers. The United States Constitution is the oldest
written constitution still in force today. Though originally adopted by only a
small number of colonies, it soon became a model worldwide.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Of course, the Constitution
did not perfectly embody the soaring rhetoric of its Revolutionary Ideals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As I mentioned, women did
not participate in the ratification of the Constitution. Likewise, black
Americans were not permitted to vote and lived in dehumanizing conditions of servitude
and bondage. Ironically, “We the People” did not actually include most of the people
living in the country at that time. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Constitution, as
originally drafted, actually solidified the institution of slavery:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Constitution stated that no law banning the international slave trade could be
passed by Congress for 21 years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
infamous three-fifths compromise boosted the number of representatives in
Congress for the slave states, guaranteeing political protection for slavery.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Fugitive Slave Clause, guaranteed the right of slave owners to pursue and
reclaim their slaves anywhere.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
electoral college and the Senate gave disproportionate power to rural Southern
states.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dallin H. Oaks acknowledges
that the U.S. Constitution was not perfect, stating <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Our belief that the United States
Constitution was divinely inspired does not mean that divine revelation dictated
every word and phrase, such as the provisions allocating the number of
representatives from each state [<i>i.e.</i> the three-fifths compromise]. The
Constitution was not “a fully grown document,” said President J. Reuben Clark.
“On the contrary,” he explained, “we believe it must grow and develop to meet
the changing needs of an advancing world.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Slavery—the original
stain on this Nation bled into the Constitution itself. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Civil War and Reconstruction<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To see what happened next,
let’s set the dial of the time machine to travel forward to the Civil War and
Reconstruction Era. Zip!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">People tend to forget
that for all the genius of the Constitution, there was a period of time where
it failed. A large portion of the nation rejected the outcome of the Election
of President Abraham Lincoln and instituted a violent insurrection against the
government. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fortunately, Lincoln, won
the war and preserved the Union. After stitching the Country back together,
Lincoln and his allies set to work fixing the Constitution. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Part of the genius of the
U.S. Constitution is that it provided a means for <i>changing</i> <i>the social
contract</i>—an amendment process. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dallin
H. Oaks states, “inspired amendments abolished slavery and gave women the right
to vote.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lincoln had faith in Constitutional
principles, even though he recognized the document was imperfect and in need of
amendment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">During the Reconstruction
era, after the Civil War, we saw the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment—abolishing
slavery—and the Fourteenth Amendement—stating that States could not violate
citizens’ rights of due process and equal protection of the law. Both of these ammendments—like
the original Constitutional convention—expanded the power and reach of the
Federal Government—giving it a more active role in policing the States and
securing individual liberty. Unfortunately, successive governments often
ignored these Federal powers. Black codes and Jim Crow laws were able to take
hold. However, the Reconstruction Amendments played an important role in the
black liberation movement of the 1960s. Martin Luther King, Jr. often quoted
Lincoln during his quest for freedom. The Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1967
and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 all derived authority from the Reconstruction
Amendments. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I believe these
amendments—which helped expand popular participation in democracy—were inspired
by God. Therefore, Abraham Lincoln, and his Republican allies should be added
to the list of Authors of the Constitution. Likewise, the suffragettes, like
Ida B. Wells, who lobbied for the Nineteenth Amendment—guaranteeing women the
right to vote—deserve a place in the pantheon of Founders. The Revolutionary Generation
is not the only generation who should have a say in what the Constitution means
to us today.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Modern Era<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Let’s get back in our
time-macine, and travel forward to the modern day. Zap!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On January 6 of this year
a mob stormed the U.S. Capital building in an attempt to overthrow the results
of a Constitutional election. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dallin H. Oaks states, “Sovereign
power in the people does not mean that mobs or other groups of people can
intervene to intimidate or force government action. The Constitution
established a constitutional democratic republic, where the people exercise
their power through their elected representatives.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I worry that we sometimes
take democracy for granted. Democracy is messy. Persuasion is hard. As a
result, many of us have become jaded and are no longer interested in defending
democratic institutions—like Congress. Some believe our institutions are corrupt
and cannot be saved through non-violent means. Some of us have even started to believe
ridiculous conspiracies that our political opponents are a cabal of Satanist child
snatchers. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In regard to our
individual participation in democracy, President Oaks states the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">We must pray for the Lord to guide
and bless all nations and their leaders. This is part of our article of faith.
Being subject to presidents or rulers of course poses no obstacle to our
opposing individual laws or policies. It does require that we exercise our
influence civilly and peacefully within the framework of our constitutions and
applicable laws. On contested issues, we should seek to moderate and unify.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">There are other duties that are
part of upholding the inspired Constitution. We should learn and advocate the
inspired principles of the Constitution. We should seek out and support wise
and good persons who will support those principles in their public actions. We
should be knowledgeable citizens who are active in making our influence felt in
civic affairs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Popular participation in
government is good for at least two reasons: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Popular
participation increases the legitimacy of government and decreases feelings of disaffection,
disempowerment, and sedition; and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Increased
participation translates into better government, because our diverse perspectives
are better represented. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I don’t want another
Civil War. I don’t want our democracy to fall apart. I believe that we need to
respect the results of Constitutional elections, even as we lobby for changes that
move us toward a more perfect union. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Speaking of lobbying for
changes: How can the structure of our government better reflect the principles
of popular sovereignty underlying the Constitution? Let me offer a couple
suggestions. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dallin H. Oaks says, “It
is wrong for citizens to have no voice in the selection of their rulers or the
making of their laws.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There are regions in the
United States that currently have nothing more than symbolic representation in
our national legislature. The Revolutionary generation shouted, “No taxation
without representation.” 200 years later, the license plates in Washington,
D.C. state, “taxation without representation.” Apparently, nothing has changed.
Perhaps an amendment granting representation to those in territories like D.C.
would better reflect our democratic values. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Likewise, anachronistic institutions
that were created to increase the power of Slave States, like the electoral
college and the Senate, distort the popular vote and give disproportionate
influence to States with lower populations. This is contrary to the egalitarian
principle of “one person, one vote.” It’s just not fair. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I offer these as two areas
of possible change for your consideration. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I bear testimony that that
the Authors of the Constitution were divinely inspired. It is important to
defend the Constitutional principles of popular sovereignty, unalienable rights,
and separation of powers. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I say these things in the
name of Jesus Christ, Amen. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-53285955094605272302020-06-04T21:26:00.001-07:002020-06-05T09:54:50.215-07:00That time I Almost Got My Black Friend Fired (Or I Can Be Racist Too)<br />
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I had a black lunch buddy when I was working at a law firm in DC. I was a law clerk; He worked in IT. He was a Jamaican immigrant. First college grad in his family. He was tall with long thick dreadlocks gathered in the back. We liked to talk politics sitting at a shady park bench next to the Whitehouse facing the famous equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5R95ACHc_ce6cU1KOSqbsVcY6wW4R4D6nZ4Ahhdbse9cf0bzYeq6_6oIryNfPQpza44m8fHs1QCEykA-r0kXc9rHJ4CMyW5XwFTwmJY5CCTL78ZjMuiMtOxgTqZR54PZzLL-1dPU2eUo/s1600/andrew-jackson-876137_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5R95ACHc_ce6cU1KOSqbsVcY6wW4R4D6nZ4Ahhdbse9cf0bzYeq6_6oIryNfPQpza44m8fHs1QCEykA-r0kXc9rHJ4CMyW5XwFTwmJY5CCTL78ZjMuiMtOxgTqZR54PZzLL-1dPU2eUo/s320/andrew-jackson-876137_1920.jpg" width="320" /></a>*</div>
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One day, my boss wanted a progress report on a project. I had some IT problems so I sort of unthinkingly, offhandedly blamed IT problems for my slow progress. My friend was the entire IT Department. Without even consciously thinking about it, I had thrown my friend under the bus! (I didn't mention my friend by name, I just blamed IT problems.)</div>
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My friend got in trouble, someone yelled at him, and then he came and told me how upset he was. I understood why he was upset and I immediately apologized--it was really lame of me to deflect blame to him. I should take responsibility for my own work problems and when necessary find IT work-arounds. I emailed my boss and told him that my friend did nothing wrong and I apologized for throwing him under the bus.</div>
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The incident sticks in my memory, largely because of how well my buddy handled it. I appreciate my friends professionalism (coming to me directly to address it rather than retaliate to my boss). After I apologized, he forgave me. He never bad-mouthed me or pursued any sort of vendetta. We went back to eating lunch together. The incident was never mentioned again. </div>
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At the time, I didn't realize how white privilege and unconscious black bias infected this workplace incident. Only today, when ruminating about the 'black lives matter' movement did it occur to me how upsetting it must have been for my friend. As a white man I was blaming a black man for a work failure. He of course was scared because black men aren't always treated with leniency in the workplace. (There are studies.) For my part, I just take for granted the way I'm generally given the benefit of the doubt. Black people can't always count on that--as this situation proved. </div>
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I had only been at this job a few months. My friend had been working there for about a decade. Yet my little off-handed comment almost got him fired. (And, by the way, he did fix my IT problem in a timely manner. He was a good employee.)</div>
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It's scary the way unconscious bias works in the workforce, on the street, everywhere. I know that I've unthinkingly participated in it. </div>
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We all can do better. It's not enough to avoid overt hateful acts. We need to consciously counteract unconscious biases that infect our interactions with black people and other people of color.<br />
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*Lafayette Square is where Trump recently cleared protesters in order to take a photo in front of a Church. </div>
Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-29749225311906519322019-07-31T10:20:00.004-07:002019-08-02T16:35:53.964-07:00Children in Detention <div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px;">
I am a former Submissions Editor of the Georgetown Immigration Law Journal.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
I've heard it said that parents who cross the border illegally deserve to be separated from their children, because they committed a crime. The logic is, if a U.S. Citizen commits a crime and is sent to prison she is separated from her children. Why should these "illegal" immigrants be treated any differently? Commit the crime, do the time. Right?</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
Wrong.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
First, this is analogy is stupid because, if a U.S. citizen commits a crime, her children are not put in a detention center. They stay at home with other family or, worst case scenario, get put in a foster home. They have caring guardians, continue to go to school, and sleep in beds rather than on concrete floors.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
Second, unauthorized entry (border crossing) is a misdemeanor crime. It's like a traffic violation. The penalty is generally a fine. I've never heard of anyone being separated from their children for speeding. And if they were, that would be very wrong. So the analogy makes no sense. The "punishment" of putting children in traumatizing conditions without their parents is not proportionate to the so-called "crime."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
Third, this analogy makes no sense because, in the vast majority of immigration detention cases there is NO CRIME.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
Subpart a: If you show up at the border seeking asylum, you are entitled to a hearing. You will be "paroled" into the country pending your hearing and may be held in detention. If this is your situation--and it is for a large number of the immigrants who were separated from their parents--then there has been no unauthorized entry and there is NO CRIME. To separate these law-abiding asylum seekers from their children is irredeemably cruel and abhorrent.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
Subpart b: Immigrant detention is NOT a CRIMINAL punishment. It is temporary holding pending a CIVIL hearing. Removal proceedings are civil, not criminal hearings. In the vast majority of deportations, there are no criminal charges. So, even if it were a fitting punishment to separate children from parents, it would violate due process, because there is no criminal trial (with all of the attendant procedural rights, including right to a paid attorney and right to a jury). Under the U.S. Constitution, you cannot punish someone without giving them a full and fair trial. Punishing people without charging them with a crime or giving them a trial is what tyrants and dictators do. Here, in 99% of the cases, there is no criminal trial. There is only a civil hearing before an immigration judge. Most people do not understand this distinction, which seems to be intentional on the part of Trump and his allies who conflate removal proceedings with criminal proceedings and try to paint all immigrants as criminals.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
Under Obama, children were only separated from parents pending a hearing if the parent was deemed to be a danger to the child (basically only if there was an abusive parent or the parent had a dangerous communicable disease). The child's welfare was always the priority. Even when children were separated from parents, they weren't held indefinitely in squalid, traumatizing detention centers. They were placed in a home--either with family members in the U.S. or a foster home.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
Trump's policy was to separate all children from all parents. Then, rather than put them in homes, they were put into detention centers. The stated objective was "deterrence," i.e. cruelty to families was the whole point. The objective was to make it so painful that asylum seekers and other would-be migrants would not even attempt to go through the system. This is barbaric and wrong. I honestly believe Trump and his allies (Sessions) are going to Hell for their treatment of these little ones.</div>
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I'm disgusted with this administration and those who support unnecessary cruelty as a so-called "deterrent." (BTW, there is basically zero evidence that these policies produce any deterrent effect, so there is a good chance that the U.S. is straight-up torturing children for absolutely no reason.)</div>
Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-16543010824469746312017-03-08T16:27:00.002-08:002017-03-08T16:32:05.977-08:00Landlord Tenant Bill HB 0376<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">I just wanted to weigh in on <a href="http://le.utah.gov/~2017/bills/static/HB0376.html" target="_blank">HB 0376</a>. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">I think this bill is bad for Utah. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The bill would make it difficult for tenants to defend themselves in complex eviction cases involving allegations of "nuisance" or "breach of contract." These are not straight-forward non-payment of rent cases. The bills changes the law so that tenants will only have ten days to prepare for an eviction hearing. Ten days might be enough time in a more straight-forward non-payment of rent case (which generally is just a question of accounting), but cases involving allegations of "nuisance" or "breach of contract" are often factually complex and require time for investigation before a hearing is held on the merits. Ten days is not enough time to prepare a defense for these type of cases. I think the change proposed by this bill is a bad idea. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The bill would also subject </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">commercial </i><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">tenants to expedited process. This is bad for business. I have seen fledgling businesses ruined because a landlord wrongfully evicted them. Again, there should not be an eviction hearing within ten days when the case involves complex contractual relations between a landlord and a commercial tenant. Having a hearing on occupancy within ten days is a huge disruption to businesses. Because it is anti-business, I recommend rejecting the bill. Commercial tenants should have the same procedural rights as parties in other contractual disputes (21 days to respond, trial after 120 days, etc.) The business community should reject this change. It has potentially large ramifications on Utah businesses, many of which are tenants. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally, a seemingly minor change in the law changes the word "answer" to "answer or response." This change seems minor, but it has far-reaching implications. The change would mandate an eviction hearing after a tenant files a "response" in the form of a motion to dismiss based on lack of jurisdiction. This change in language would create a situation where the Court would be required to have an eviction hearing before the court has even determined whether it has jurisdiction over the case. This is likely unconstitutional. The Court cannot evict someone without first determining whether it has jurisdiction over the case. Therefore, this seemingly minor change has huge legal and constitutional implications and will create problems for the Court's trying to implement the change. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">I think HB 0376 is an unnecessary and problematic change to a system that is already extremely expedited compared to most civil litigation. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Please call your state Senator and Representative and tell them that you oppose House Bill 0376. If you can, please pass this message along. Thank you!</span>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-42174102456646782252016-11-13T11:10:00.000-08:002016-11-13T11:10:54.474-08:00Direct Democracy<div class="MsoNormal">
I believe in direct democracy.</div>
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Currently in the United States we have a system of representative democracy. We vote for representatives who in turn make the laws. </div>
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I believe the American people should make the laws directly, rather than relying on representatives. It is only fair that we should be able to vote directly on the policies that will effect their lives. </div>
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Every citizen should vote on every law.<br /><br />In the past this would have been impractical, because it would take massive time and resources to bring together an entire nations worth of votes on every tiny legislative question. However, now, thanks to advances in technology, it is possible for every citizen to weigh in on every policy choice.<br /><br />There are still practical challenges to direct democracy. 'Information costs' are the cost of getting information necessary to making efficient decisions. Our government and economy are incredibly complex. The average voter simply does not have the time or resources necessary to learn everything she needs to know to make informed decisions about every proposed piece of legislation. </div>
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Here is what I propose.</div>
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My system of direct democracy would deal with information costs through proxy voting. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_voting" target="_blank">Proxy voting</a> is a device currently used in corporate governance. Basically, individual stockholders can appoint a proxy to vote on their behalf. Most of these proxies are large investment advising organizations that are able to do the hard work of analyzing corporate plans and voting in the stockholders best interest. </div>
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Under my proposed system of direct democracy proxy voting would be an option: you can vote on each issue yourself, abstain, or you can appoint a proxy to vote on your behalf. These proxies would be professional, non-profit,
organizations devoted to policy analysis and policy writing. I envision that
under such a system there would be a proliferation of such organizations all vying for the privilege of voting on your behalf. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Citizens would give their vote to the proxy that best
represents their policy preferences. Citizens would always have the right to
pull their vote back and appoint a different proxy. Citizens would also have the option to vote directly on issues that they are particularly
passionate about, while leaving most of their voting to their proxy. <o:p></o:p></div>
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To fund the proxies I would give Citizens a tax credit each
year (maybe $100) to compensate them for the cost of
hiring a proxy. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Because citizens can change proxies at any time, proxies will have a strong incentive to make their clients happy by enacting policies that closely match their preferences. Proxies will be allowed to charge uniform fees, but will not be able to accept additional money from wealthy citizens or corporations. </div>
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My system of direct democracy would replace the Congress.
The executive and judicial branches would essentially remain unchanged. The bill of
rights will not change--there will be limits on what the populace can do with
their votes. Therefore, there will still be checks and balances against
excesses of democracy. <o:p></o:p></div>
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My system would be better for the following reasons:<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. Popular sovereignty, legitimacy, and lawfulness--My
system best reflects the value of popular sovereignty. The citizens will
directly choose the laws that govern them. My system will enhance the
legitimacy of government, because the laws will be a direct reflection of the
popular will. This would likely have positive effects on law enforcement,
because the laws they are enforcing will have greater legitimacy. <o:p></o:p></div>
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3. Complexity--My system would better handle
complexity, because professional proxy organizations would be in charge of
policy writing and analysis. (Senators and representatives are good at winning
popularity contests, not necessarily good at writing policy). Proxy
organizations will have a strong incentive to do a good job, because their pay
will be directly related to job performance. Market forces and competition will quickly discipline poor performance. <o:p></o:p></div>
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4. Diversity--My system will eliminate binary voting. Rather than having only two parties to choose from, voters will be able to more accurately express their policy
preferences among hundreds or thousands of proxies. For example, a social conservative that is fiscally liberal will be able to appoint a socially-conservative, fiscally-liberal proxy to vote on her behalf. Under our current system, socially-conservative, fiscally-liberal citizens don't have a party that represents their policy preference. </div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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5. Partisanship and identity politics--My system will help
unite the country by eliminating partisanship and reducing identity politics.
Two parties will be replaced by a whole bunch of proxies. This will help focus
the populace on policy choices rather than personalities and identity politics.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. Reduced gridlock--My system would permit interesting
coalitions to develop. Because each issue is voted for directly, social
conservatives and fiscal liberals could unite to pass welfare legislation or
fiscal conservatives and social libertarians could unite to pass criminal
justice reform, etc. Again, the law will much better reflect the popular will
free from partisan distortion. <o:p></o:p></div>
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7. Flexibility and responsiveness--My system would be more
flexible and responsive. Voters can change proxies at any time. The system will
be able to quickly adapt to changes in global affairs, technology, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Elimination of money and corruption in politics--Under my system, there is no potential for bribery--you would need to bribe the entire nation (or at least a majority). Not only would this be extremely impractical, it would also be extremely obvious and easy to prosecute. There would be no large campaign donors to corrupt our politicians, because there are no campaigns and there are no politicians. There is only us, voting on the laws that we think will best serve the country. </div>
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We should institute a system of direct democracy. Every citizen should have an equal voice on the laws that govern us. </div>
Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-74895854914504249782014-02-26T20:12:00.000-08:002014-02-26T20:13:20.694-08:00Persecuting Mormons Doesn't Bother Scalia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgECfjgYHt3z95odEBBNzaiiZvuvrBB4Sa4rnQU4-xlWuF47Fo0P20FugxzICdMNW5KzId7bQDP7CEZ5sGhMUAxWQptY7h-DDOjYNc2epuqzRMTSLC6o4Fyl8y_QYmRV21Xyw0w5EuLhj8/s1600/Scalia+cartoon.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgECfjgYHt3z95odEBBNzaiiZvuvrBB4Sa4rnQU4-xlWuF47Fo0P20FugxzICdMNW5KzId7bQDP7CEZ5sGhMUAxWQptY7h-DDOjYNc2epuqzRMTSLC6o4Fyl8y_QYmRV21Xyw0w5EuLhj8/s1600/Scalia+cartoon.png" height="222" width="400" /></a></div>
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Just came across this gem and I thought I would share it. It is Justice
Scalia comparing discrimination against homosexuals in our age to discrimination against polygamist Mormons in the 19th century. He concludes
that there was nothing wrong (at least constitutionally) with discriminating
against Mormons, and so there is nothing wrong with discriminating against gay
people. This favorable endorsement of religious/sexual intolerance in American
history is fairly shocking. <br />
<br />
This is also the text where Scalia predicts that if the Courts protect the
rights of homosexuals, then they will also have to protect polygamists against
discrimination. (Oh No! Can't be extending Constitutional protection to the
Brown family!)<o:p></o:p></div>
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We, as Mormons, should be the biggest advocates for gay rights. Mormons
were the gays of the 1800s. (Of course gays were also the gays of the 1800s.)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anyways, here it is:<o:p></o:p></div>
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"But there is a
much closer analogy, one that involves precisely the effort by the majority of
citizens to preserve its view of sexual morality statewide, against the efforts
of a geographically concentrated and politically powerful minority to undermine
it. The constitutions of the States of Arizona, Idaho, New Mexico, Oklahoma,
and Utah to this day contain provisions stating that <u>polygamy is ‘forever
prohibited.’</u> … The Court's disposition today suggests that these
provisions are unconstitutional, and that polygamy must be permitted in these
States on a state-legislated, or perhaps even local option, basis—unless, of
course, polygamists for some reason have fewer constitutional rights than homosexuals."<o:p></o:p></div>
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--Justice Antonin Scalia, dissenting opinion in <i>Romer v. Evans</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-75185107846932551982013-11-07T11:03:00.001-08:002013-11-07T11:08:26.337-08:00Moles (A Poem)Holes are for moles.<br />
They break through the surface<br />
of the brown Earth with<br />
their pink snouts.<br />
It is obscene. Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-36845404082238937692013-10-28T15:51:00.003-07:002013-10-28T15:51:47.241-07:00Darkness Visible<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEaOeSPt7K8CuiFYWIqk-KXXc_LN7rSTPUcFahcR3XUqy9aJuPtRlrRrCuzsOLMOxouzrJwit2ozBbVbzkZwKbX1mSmQnxWj9VDPpMMhdOnXVTNGpu-vgHJ2A1TW2b9dEPt-3742mrDKg/s1600/darkness+visible.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEaOeSPt7K8CuiFYWIqk-KXXc_LN7rSTPUcFahcR3XUqy9aJuPtRlrRrCuzsOLMOxouzrJwit2ozBbVbzkZwKbX1mSmQnxWj9VDPpMMhdOnXVTNGpu-vgHJ2A1TW2b9dEPt-3742mrDKg/s320/darkness+visible.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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“…Yet from those flames. No light, but rather, darkness visible.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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--John Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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A central tension
in the work of Hannah Arendt’s work involves the nature of evil. Is evil radical or is it
banal? In her correspondence with Scholem,
Arendt says that she has changed her mind on the nature of evil and has decided
that it is never radical. She says the
following:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
“[Evil] spreads like a fungus on the surface. It is 'thought-defying,' as I
said, because thought tries to reach some depth, to go to the roots, and the
moment it concerns itself with evil, it is frustrated because there is nothing.
That is its 'banality.' Only the good has depth and can be radical.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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For Arendt, evil is banal, NOT radical, because it lacks depth. According to St. Augustine evil is merely the absence of good. It
does not have a positive existence, but is nothing more than lack. This
corresponds well with Arendt’s description of the thinness of evil, and its
lack of substance. While Arendt's evil lacks substance like in St. Augustine's philosophy, Arendt’s description of evil as the perversion of
Kant's categorical imperative in<i> Eichmann in Jerusalem</i> also fits Emmanuel Kant’s model of
“radical evil” very well. And Arendt refers to totalitarianism as radical evil in a very Kantian way in her book Origins of Totalitarianism. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Kant created a taxonomy of evil with three categories: frailty,
impurity, and perversion. Frailty and impurity are low level evils in which a
person is still motivated by the categorical imperative, but either fails to
live up to her duty, or else fulfills her duty because she is motivated by
extraneous desires. Only in the case of radical evil, or perversion, is a
person no longer motivated by a categorical imperative. Instead, radical
evil/perversion involves turning morality on its head and substituting the
letter of the law for the spirit of the law. In this case a person ceases to use
duty as a standard to judge their weakness against, and instead use duty as a
means to justify their actions. This is exactly the uncritical attitude towards
one’s actions that Arendt found in <i>Eichmann</i>.
Therefore, Arendt seems to accept Kant’s description of evil, even if she does
not accept his label. It is not clear if Arendt's concept of evil is banal (Augustinian lack of goodness) or radical (Kantian perversion).</div>
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I
have decided that I agree with Arendt, in her correspondence to Scholem, that evil
is not radical but is banal. Saying that evil is radical suggests that it
is somewhat heroic. But evil is cowardly. Evil, the perversion of the
categorical imperative, comes to pass because people are not courageous. They
satisfy themselves by saying that their activity is in accordance with some law
or duty, rather than challenging themselves and questioning whether the way
they live is according to moral maxims or just according to custom. Evil
happens because people doubt their moral feelings of sympathy. We stop trying
to imagine the impact of one’s actions on others, because it is too difficult, and we don't want to change to accommodate others (especially others that don't look or act like us).
This relates to St. Augustine’s concept of evil as the mere absence of good. Evils is the absence of imagination and compassion. Evil
is passive. Because evil is passive and cowardly, it is very banal. It is never heroic.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Saying
that evil is “radical” also suggests that evil is creative or new. It is not.
It lacks creativity and is merely the passive acceptance of suffering. That is why Arendt says that left alone evil will passively cover the Earth, “like a fungus,”
without active effort on the part of individuals to imagine how they can
improve the World. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The banality of evil fits Eichmann very well, because he was an unimaginative, pathetic bureaucrat. However, I wonder what Arendt would
say about the Fuhrer himself? He may be an example of radical evil; because he
was the source of everyone else’s perverted law. Was Hitler active evil? In him it seems we might have
an example of sadistic courage. He even went to jail for his beliefs at one point. </div>
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So, is Hitler an example of positive evil? I tend to think no. Hitler
was probably a coward that could not face his own perverted self. He was not
creative or imaginative at all. <br /><br />A better model for radical evil may be Satan in
Milton’s <i>Paradise Lost</i>. He rejects God, develops his own personal ethics, and chooses
to resist God’s will despite the impossible odds. Satan is the hero in Paradise Lost (and not even really an anti-hero like in popular shows like Breaking Bad); but he is also supposed to be evil (he is Satan after all). However, Satan's behavior in <i>Paradise Lost</i> is
likely more in tune with Kant/Arendt’s model for good, not evil. So Milton’s
Satan may not be a candidate for radical evil either. Alternatively, if Milton's Satan is evil, then he is probably just a
resentful reactionary, and therefore guilty of being banal for pathetically justifying his lack of creativity.<br />
<br />
If St. Augustine is correct, then evil is like darkness: darkness is merely the
absence of light, and evil is merely the absence of good. In that case, the
question may be whether it is possible to have flames that emit
“no light, but rather darkness visible?”<o:p></o:p></div>
Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-83508596236022383632013-06-27T20:48:00.002-07:002013-06-27T20:48:43.185-07:00Inclusion Through Exclusion: Exempting Mercantile Customers to Encourage Them to Contribute to Energy Efficiency Goals<div class="WordSection1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inclusion Through
Exclusion:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Exempting Mercantile
Customers to Encourage Them to Contribute to Energy Efficiency Goals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">By Zach
Myers</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JD
Candidate, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Georgetown
University Law Center<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595408">I.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>INTRODUCTION<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595408 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400300038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595409">II.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>ENERGY
EFFICIENCY COST RECOVERY MECHANISMS<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595409 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400300039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595410">III.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>OHIO’S
EXEMPTION FOR “MERCANTILE CUSTOMERS.”<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595410 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400310030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595411">IV.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>THE COMMISSION
LIKELY HAS BROAD DISCRETION TO STRUCTURE AN EXEMPTION UNDER <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">OHIO REV. CODE ANN.</span><span style="background: white;"> § </span>4928.66(A)(2)(C) TO ENCOURAGE MERCANTILE
COSTUMERS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN OHIO.<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595411 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">6<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400310031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595412">a.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>The Commission
likely has the authority to require the utility to encourage mercantile
customers to treat rider funds as exclusively tied to energy efficiency
investments, because doing so “reasonably encourages [mercantile] customers” to
commit their capabilities to the utilities energy efficiency program.<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595412 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400310032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595413">b.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Requiring the utility to create a mechanism
to recoup funds when mercantile customers fail to use funds to increase energy
efficiency is likely within the Commission’s authority.<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595413 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400310033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595414">c.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Less than full exemption is likely the best
policy.<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595414 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">9<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400310034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc3">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595415">i.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">The </span>Commission likely has authority <span style="background: white;">to adjust
the level of exemption under<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> Ohio Rev
Code Ann.</span> </span>§ 4928.66(A)(2)(c)<span style="background: white;">,
because retention of a portion of the funds from mercantile customers can still
“reasonably [encourage mercantile] customers to commit their capabilities” to
energy efficiency programs.</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595415 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400310035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595416">d.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>The commission may have discretion to
disallow credit for past energy efficiency investments, despite the ambiguous
language regarding “existing or new” capabilities.<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595416 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">13<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400310036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_Toc351595417">VI.<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>CONCLUSION<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc351595417 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">16<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300350031003500390035003400310037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc351595408"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There is an ironic tension between
the concepts of ‘exemption’ and ‘integration’ in <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann</span>. § 4928.66(A)(2)(c) (2008). The statute creates an “exemption” that
“integrat[es]” mercantile customers into a utility’s energy efficiency program.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Mercantile customers are thus “included in the
juridical order solely in the form of [their] exclusion.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This linguistic tension between exempting
customers from a program, while also integrating them into that program is at
the heart of the conflict between private businesses interests, and the public
interest. Private businesses are
interested in opting-out of utility riders without incurring legal duties;
while, the public is likely best served by integrating businesses into the
utilities energy efficiency program to ensure that exempted funds are used to
reduce energy consumption. Whether the
essential nature of the program is one of ‘exemption’ or ‘integration’ is for
Ohio’s Public Utility Commission to determine over the coming months. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Public utility energy efficiency
programs have the potential to align private behavior with public interests. The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio likely
has the legal authority structure its energy efficiency rider exemption
according to ACEEE best practices. By so structuring its exemption, the
Commission can encourage large customers to contribute to energy savings goals;
and, thereby, align private customers’ behavior with the public’s interest. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="" name="_Toc351595409">ENERGY EFFICIENCY COST
RECOVERY MECHANISMS</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Encouraging energy efficiency can
align the interests of individuals with the public’s interest, because
increased energy efficiency reduces the cost of service.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Saving
energy through energy efficiency investments is, on average, much cheaper for
public utilities than purchasing new generation.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Saving a kilowatt hour through energy
efficiency improvements is easily one-third or less the cost of any new source
of electricity supply, whether conventional fossil fuel or renewable energy
source.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Because increasing energy efficiency can be
much cheaper than building new generation, increasing energy efficiency can
reduce costs to consumers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Not only does energy efficiency
reduce costs, it also tends to enhance energy system reliability, and reduces
emissions from fossil fuels.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Because increased energy efficiency reduces
costs of electrical service, increases reliability, and reduces fossil fuel
emissions, increasing energy efficiency is in the public interest.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Despite the public benefits of
energy efficiency, utilities have a natural incentive to discourage demand-side
energy efficiency.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Utilities revenues are based on the volume of
electricity they sell. As a result, the less kWhs utilities sell, the less
revenue they receive.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Furthermore, unlike sales of kWhs, utilities’
fixed operating costs do not change.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Because fixed operating costs are high, kWh sales
have dramatic increasing marginal profitability.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Therefore, utilities have a strong incentive
to keep energy consumption high so that they can sell more electricity and
maximize profits.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Many States have instituted
programs to correct utilities aversion to demand-side energy efficiency.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Effective cost recovery mechanisms can
compensate utilities for revenue foregone by increased energy efficiency.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Along, with recovering foregone revenue,
successful energy efficiency programs will encourage utilities to invest in
demand-side energy efficiency by setting performance targets and allowing utilities
to recoup the costs of energy efficiency investments.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> By requiring utilities to meet energy-savings
performance targets, and compensating utilities for energy efficiency investments
(including lost revenue), a well-structured cost-recovery mechanism can align
the interests of the utility, with the public’s interest in increased energy
efficiency.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Consistent with this approach, electric
utilities in Ohio must operate energy efficiency programs that meet
statutorily-set yearly energy savings goals (starting at .3% kw savings per
year and ending at 2% kw savings per year for every year after 2018).<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The electric utilities may institute a
“revenue decoupling mechanism,” e.g. a rider, in order to offset the costs of
its energy efficiency program.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The Commission is responsible for reviewing
electric utilities decoupling mechanism.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio has approved an energy efficiency cost
recovery mechanism to encourage its electric utilities to make energy
efficiency investments.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc351595410"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OHIO’S
EXEMPTION FOR “MERCANTILE CUSTOMERS.”</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">About half the states that have an
energy efficiency cost recovery mechanism provide some type of “opt-out” or
“self-direct” option for large industrial customers.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Exemptions for such customers are sometimes
based on the unfounded assumption “that industrial companies are better at
acquiring energy efficiency than [public utilities] and will always acquire all
cost-effective energy efficiency on their own.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mercantile
customers should be interested in increasing the energy efficiency of their
facilities, because doing so can reduce their electrical costs. As a result, there is a superficial alignment
between mercantile customers’ interest in reduced costs, and the public’s
interest in increased energy efficiency. However, energy efficiency investments are
only one among many types of cost-saving and business-expanding investments
which mercantile customers consider.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Because energy efficiency investments
compete with other investment opportunities, there are significant opportunity
costs to financing increased energy efficiency.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
These opportunity costs may overcome the
public’s interest increasing energy efficiency absent regulatory intervention.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The experience of utilities in Utah,
Wyoming, and Oregon suggest that this is the case.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span>
In those States, large industrial customers were prodded to invest in energy
efficiency to obtain a fee waiver.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The State’s found that even very sophisticated
customers failed to invest in many cost effective energy efficiencies.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Furthermore, because opportunity costs
likely prevent many energy efficiency investments, it is invalid to assume that
exempted funds will be used to fund increased energy efficient investments
without encouraging customers to treat those funds as dedicated to energy
efficiency.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">While industrial companies likely
do not invest in every cost effective energy efficient practice, some
sophisticated customers do have knowledge, experience, and expertise about
their business that can be help the utility increase energy savings beyond what
the utility could do on its own.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span> Because some industrial customers have such
expertise, a well-structured and administered “self-direct” program can yield
greater energy savings from large, sophisticated customers than would otherwise
be achieved through a generalized public program.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In an attempt to realize the
benefits of industrial self-direction, the Ohio legislature authorized the
Commission to exempt “mercantile customers” from energy efficiency programs.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Mercantile
customers” are customers that consume “more than seven hundred thousand
kilowatt hours per year.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In order to exempt mercantile customers <span style="background: white;">the
Commission must determine that that exemption “reasonably encourages such
customers to commit” “demand-response or other customer-sited capabilities to”
the “utility’s energy efficiency … or peak demand reduction programs.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Recently, the Commission has approved
a new “pilot program” for an exemption from its energy efficiency cost recovery
mechanism, and is evaluating “the appropriate level and length for energy
efficiency exemptions” under <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code
Ann.</span> §<span style="background: white;"> 4928.66(A)(2)(c).<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Commission</span> will also “review
the experience of other jurisdictions which have enacted similar self-direct
programs.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Commission is considering the
recommendations of the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
(“ACEEE”). ACEEE has promulgated, <i>inter alia</i>, the following best practices
for incorporating mercantile customer efforts into a utilities energy
efficiency program:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Develop
a program structure that encourages large customers to treat the exempted rider
money as dedicated funds for energy efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Include
a mechanism to recoup funds if large customers do not use exempted rider funds
to pay for modifications that increase energy efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retain
a portion of energy efficiency rider for administrative costs of the
self-direct program, and for certain prioritized costs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disallow
credit for past energy efficiency investments.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Commission is interested in
whether it has the legal authority to implement these ACEEE best practices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc351595411"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">THE
COMMISSION LIKELY HAS BROAD DISCRETION TO STRUCTURE AN EXEMPTION UNDER <span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">OHIO REV. CODE ANN.</span><span style="background: white;"> § </span></span>4928.66(A)(2)(C)
TO ENCOURAGE MERCANTILE COSTUMERS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN OHIO.</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Due deference should be given to statutory interpretations
by an agency that has accumulated substantial expertise and to which the
General Assembly has delegated enforcement responsibility.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Based on its expertise, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
Court has deferred to the Commission’s<span style="background: white;">
discretion in determining how to achieve the goals of increased energy
efficiency and reduced peak consumption.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Along with institutional deference based on expertise, the
Commission also has also been given discretion to structure rules for
exemptions by its organic statute.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Under <span class="apple-converted-space">§ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4928.66(A)(2)(c),<span style="background: white;"> “any mechanism designed to recover the cost of energy
efficiency…<i>may</i> exempt mercantile
customers… if the commission determines that that exemption reasonably
encourages such customers to commit” capabilities to energy efficiency
programs.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> "[U]sage of the term
'may' is generally construed to render optional, permissive, or discretionary
the provision in which it is embodied."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Because
the Commission</span> ‘may’ exempt mercantile customers, the statute is
permissive or discretionary.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “When
a statute does not prescribe a particular formula, the PUCO is vested with
broad discretion.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Because the language of the exemption
is permissive, the Commission has discretion to determine the appropriateness
of a mercantile exemption as an element of an energy efficiency cost recovery
mechanism.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
broad discretion is tempered by the requirement that the Commission only
approve a mercantile exemption if it “<span style="background: white;">determines
that that exemption reasonably encourages” customers to commit their
capabilities to energy efficiency programs.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc351595412"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Commission likely has the
authority to require the utility to encourage mercantile customers to treat
rider funds as exclusively tied to energy efficiency investments, because doing
so “reasonably encourages [mercantile] customers” to commit their capabilities
to the utilities energy efficiency program.</span></b></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[47]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The
Commission should require its utilities to use a disbursement device which
encourages customers to treat rider funds as exclusively tied to energy
efficiency investments.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The utilities have several options for
meeting this requirement: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dedicated escrow accounts, rebates
earned only upon project completion, and rate credits earned concurrently with
measurable energy efficiency investments or energy savings.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Because
requiring the utility to encourage mercantile customers to treat rider funds as
exclusively tied to energy efficiency investments “reasonably encourages
[mercantile] customers” to commit their capabilities to the utilities energy
efficiency program, the Commission likely has the authority to do so.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc351595413"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Requiring
the utility to create a mechanism to recoup funds when mercantile customers
fail to use funds to increase energy efficiency is likely within the Commission’s
authority.</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Decisionmakers
have a strong aversion to loss, and will likely be motivated more by the threat
of losing money than by the opportunity to gain money.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Because people have a unique aversion to
loss, a credible threat to recoup rider funds is will “encourage” mercantile
customers to contribute their capabilities to energy efficiency goals.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Mercantile customers will not treat
their obligations to invest in energy efficiency lightly if the utility has a
reliable mechanism in place to take-back exempted money when customers fail to
use their funds to increase energy efficiency. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The
Commission already requires utilities to “[i]dentify all consequences of
noncompliance by” mercantile customers who agree to integrate their
capabilities into the utilities energy efficiency programs.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Because, utilities are already required
to “identify consequences of noncompliance,” requiring the utility to identify
a method of recoupment, is an incremental change to existing regulation.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Because the existing regulation was well
within the discretion of the Commission, this incremental change is likely
permissible.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Because a
recoupment method that retrieves funds from customers’ who fail to meet their
energy efficiency obligations “encourages [mercantile] customers” to commit
their capabilities to the utilities energy efficiency program, the Commission
has authority to require utilities to adopt such a method.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc351595414"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Less
than full exemption is likely the best policy.</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retaining a portion of cost recovery mechanism revenue from
exempted customers can maximize the public benefit of energy efficiency
programs.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Retained revenue from industrial customers can
be used for the administrative costs of overseeing a successful “self-direct”
energy efficiency program.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Maximizing energy savings from industrial
customers requires “reporting and savings validation” and “rigorous performance
requirements.”</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> To pay for this oversight, some revenue should
be retained from industrial customers via an energy efficiency cost recovery
mechanism.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Therefore, full exemption from the rider is
likely bad policy.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Along with paying for administration of a self-direct
program, retaining revenue may best realize the public interests tied to
increased energy efficiency by funding “prioritized program costs,” such as
low-income programming.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Such programs may rely on cross-rate
subsidization to spread the benefits of energy efficiency equitably.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Not only is it practical to retain funds from industrial
customers for administrative costs and prioritized program costs; doing so is equitable.
“All ratepayers enjoy the benefits of
energy efficiency in the form of lower demand for new resources, reduced
environmental impacts of energy supply, reduced power and fuel costs and other
factors.”</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Industrial consumers should contribute to the
costs of energy efficiency programs, because they share the benefits of
increased energy efficiency.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Because the public interest likely favors retention of a
portion of industrial consumers’ energy efficiency funds, the Public Utilities
Commission of Ohio is interested in whether it had the authority to adjust the
level of exemptions for “mercantile customers” under </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;">Ohio Rev Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">§ 4928.66(A)(2)(c).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc351595415"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The </span></b></span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Commission
likely has authority <span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;">to adjust the level of exemption under</span></span><span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;"> Ohio Rev Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§ 4928.66(A)(2)(c)<span style="background: white;">, because retention of a portion of the funds from mercantile customers
can still “reasonably [encourage mercantile] customers to commit their
capabilities” to energy efficiency programs.</span></span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Because a mercantile exemption
under § 4928.66(A)(2)(c) must reasonably encourage customers to commit their
capabilities to the utility’s energy efficiency goals, an exemption should be a
significant portion of the overall rider fee; because the bigger the exemption
level, the greater the incentive for mercantile customers to commit their
capabilities to the utility’s energy efficiency goals. On the other hand, even a relatively small exemption
from rider fees will likely “reasonably encourage” mercantile customers to
contribute their capabilities to the utility’s goals—this is especially true
given the current bifurcated structure of the law in which customers can
receive rebates under exemption under <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Admin. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> § </span>4901:1-39-05(G),
and then on top of the rebate receive a rider exemption under <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Admin. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> § </span>4901:1-39-08.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Therefore, while a very high the exemption
level would create a very strong incentive for customers to commit their
capabilities to energy efficiency goals, even relatively modest proportions (e.g.
50% or 60%) will likely “reasonably encourage[] customers” to do so.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Not only is a less
than full exemption <i>sufficient</i> to
“reasonably encourage[]” mercantile customers, but having the utility retain a
portion of the energy efficiency rider likely <i>better</i> encourages mercantile customers to contribute to energy
efficiency.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To encourage customers to commit their resources to utility
energy efficiency programs utilities are best served by well-structured
reporting, measurement, and verification procedures.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
However, administration of such
procedures cost money.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Therefore, in order to effectively
encourage customers to commit demand response and other cited capabilities to
energy efficiency programs, the Commission may reasonably find that a portion
of the energy efficiency cost recovery mechanism fee should be retained by the
utility for the purpose of administering a structured energy efficiency
“self-direct” program.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> rule requiring
retention of a portion of a utility’s energy efficiency cost recovery mechanism
is a reasonable interpretation of <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§
4928.66(A)(2)(c)’s requirement that a mercantile exemption “reasonably
encourage[] customers” to commit resources to the utilities energy efficiency
or peak demand reduction programs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Not only does permitting retention
of a portion of an exempted company’s cost recovery mechanism fee meet the
requirement for mercantile exemptions under <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code</span> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ann. §</span> 4928.66(A)(2)(c), it also meets the general
requirements for energy efficiency cost recovery mechanisms under<span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;"> Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§ 4928.66(D).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Under <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code</span> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ann. §</span> 4928.66(A)(2)(c) a mercantile
exemption is discussed as a potential component of a cost recovery mechanism (“<i><span style="background: white;">Any mechanism
designed to recover the cost of energy efficiency</span></i><span style="background: white;"> … may exempt mercantile customers…”). Because a mercantile exemption is a component
of the cost recovery mechanism, the statute likely requires the exemption to conform
to the requirements for cost recovery mechanisms.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Energy-efficiency cost-recovery
mechanisms must </span>(1) provide<span style="background: white;"> “for the
recovery of revenue that otherwise may be forgone by the utility as a result of
… any energy efficiency or energy conservation programs” and (2) reasonably
align “the interests of the utility and of its customers in favor of those
programs.</span>”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Requiring retention of a portion of
the cost recovery mechanism fee is a reasonable method to recover “revenue
forgone by the utility to implement its energy efficiency program.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Administrative costs are shared by all
customer classes, including exempted mercantile customers.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Because the utility must forego revenue to
monitor mercantile customer’s energy savings, retaining a portion of mercantile
customer’s fees is a fair method to ensure that the utility recovers revenue
forgone for administration of its energy efficiency program, and comports well
with the requirements of <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio
Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§ 4928.66(D). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Potentially limiting the Commission’s discretion is
the rule that “an administrative agency cannot ignore its own rules.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> The
Commission has so far implemented the <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio
Admin. Code</span> <span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">§ </span>4901:1-39-08 exemption as a complete
exemption for an indefinite period.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Because the Commission’s rules and orders treat the <span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">§ </span>4901:1-39-08
exemption as an 100% exemption, the Commission must expressly overrule its
prior policy in order to change the level of the exemption.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Orders of the Commission must be lawful
and reasonable.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Therefore in
its order overruling its past policy of full exemption the Commission should
explain that allowing the utility to retain a portion of the energy efficiency rider
can more effectively “encourage[]” mercantile customers to contribute to energy
efficiency goals.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span> It should also explain that the old policy
did not a poor job capturing revenue foregone by the utility to pay for
administration of its energy efficiency program.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
language of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span> §
4028.66(A)(2)(c) is comparable to statutory language underlying exemptions to
fee riders in other jurisdictions in which utilities retain a portion of the
rider. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In Utah and Wyoming, Rocky Mountain Power retains 50%
of its fee from exempted customers.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rocky Mountain Power is governed by
16 USC § 2621(d)(17) (2007). 16 USC § 2621(d)(17) requires that t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">he
rates charged by any electric utility “(i) Align utility incentives with the
delivery of cost-effective energy efficiency; and (ii) Promote energy
efficiency investments.” This language
is very similar to the language of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev.
Code Ann. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">§</span>
4928.66(A)(2)(c)—Both statutes require that an exemption “encourage,”
“promotes,” or “align” mercantile customers with certain energy efficiency
goals.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Rocky Mountain Power permits retention of a portion of its utility’s cost
recovery mechanism based on statutory authority very similar to </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">§</span>
4928.66(A)(2)(c). This provides
persuasive authority that the Commission and do the same thing under the
authority of its similarly-worded statute.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[84]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">a.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">b.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">c.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">d.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Because retention
of a portion of the funds from mercantile customers can still “reasonably
[encourage mercantile] customers to commit their capabilities” to energy
efficiency programs, t<span class="apple-converted-space">he </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Commission
likely has authority <span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;">to adjust the level of exemption under</span></span><span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;"> Ohio Rev Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§ 4928.66(A)(2)(c)<span style="background: white;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc351595416"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
commission may have discretion to disallow credit for past energy efficiency
investments, despite the ambiguous language regarding “existing or new”
capabilities.</span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A particularly
vexing problem facing the Commission is how to treat historic energy efficiency
investments. Granting credit for
historic investments may be politically expedient, because businesses feel that
it is fair to give credit to those who signed up early for the benefits of
energy efficiency.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[85]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
However, “giving such credit does not
acquire a single new kWh” of energy,<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[86]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
because ‘encouraging’ past events is (so far)<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[87]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span>
a physical impossibility.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[88]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Instead, “offering such credit is
preferential treatment of a single class of customer” without “any energy
saving purpose.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[89]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Because credit for historic investments has no
public benefit, and actually costs money that could be used for increased
energy efficiency in other sectors, it is particularly susceptible to criticism
for being a form of “corporate welfare.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[90]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Because the program is susceptible to such
criticism, the political expediency of garnering favor with businesses should
be weighed against the political cost of this preferential treatment.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[91]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Despite the
undesirability of giving credit for past investments, the Commission may not
have the authority to permit an exemption based solely on prospective energy
efficiency investments. The Commission
has authority to authorize an exemption for “mercantile customers that commit
their demand-response or other customer-sited capabilities, <i>whether existing or new</i>, for integration
into the electric distribution utility's” energy efficiency program.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[92]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The term “whether existing or new” may
mean that any exemption that the Commission authorizes must count both past
(“existing”) and future (“new”) investments.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[93]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
However, the term “whether existing or
new” may also grant the Commission discretion to determine for itself whether
to authorize an exemption based on past investments, or future investments, or both,
based on what will “reasonably encourage [mercantile] customers.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[94]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Therefore, the term is textually
ambiguous. The legislative record does
nothing to resolve this ambiguity.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[95]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Commission has
so far permitted the utility to credit historic investments, based on the
3-year-look-back measurement method.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[96]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span>
However, the commissioner has also
stated that there is a difference between what the Commission is authorized to
incentivize and that which the Commission must count under the 3-year-look-back
procedures.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[97]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Therefore, the 3-year-look-back requirement
for <i>counting</i> may not apply to <i>incentivizing</i> and likely does not
require the Commission to give credit for historic investments.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[98]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eventually, the
issue of whether to credit historic investments may become a moot point.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[99]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
At some point, all the relevant historic
investments will all be credited.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[100]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
At that point, mercantile customers will be forced to make new, prospective,
energy efficiency investments in order to qualify for the exemption.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[101]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Because the
statutory term “whether existing or new” is ambiguous, and because the
Commission has recognized a distinction between what is counted under a
3-year-look-back and what is incentivized by a mercantile exemption, the
Commission likely does not have to permit exemptions based on historic energy
efficiency investments.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[102]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However, the
Commission should consider seeking guidance or further legislation before
acting in this area of textual ambiguity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc351595417"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CONCLUSION</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Because the limiting language of
its organic statute calls for an exemption that “encourages” customers to
contribute to energy efficiency, the Commission likely has the legal authority
to implement the ACEEE best practices. If
the Commission implements ACEEE’s recommendations it will encourage large
customers to contribute to energy savings goals; thereby, aligning private
behavior with the public interest. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio
Rev. Code Ann</span>. § 4928.66(A)(2)(c) (2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Giorgio
Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life</span> 12 (1998). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Anna
Chittum</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Am. Council for an Energy
Efficient Econ.</span>, <i>Implementing
Industrial Self-Direct Options: Who Is Making It Work?</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Proceedings of the 2009 ACEEE Summer Study on
Energy Efficiency in Industry</span> 4.14-4.27, 4.17 (2009)
http://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files-/publications/proceedings/SS09_Panel4_Paper07.pdf
[hereinafter <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>, <i>Implementing Industrial Self-Direct Options</i>];
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Anna Chittum</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Am. Council for an Energy Efficient Econ.</span>,
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Follow the Leaders: Improving Large
Customers Self-Direct Programs</span> 1 (2011)
http://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/ie112.pdf
[hereinafter <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Follow the Leaders]</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Katherine
Friedrich, et al.</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Am. Council for
an Energy Efficient Econ.,</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Saving
Energy Cost-Effectively: A National Review o the Cost of Energy Saved Through
Utility-Sector Energy Efficiency Programs, Report U092 </span>ii<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> (2009)</span>
http://www.aceee.org/sites/default/-files/publications/researchreports/U092.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>,
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Follow the Leaders,</span><i> supra </i>note<i> </i>1, at 3. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nat’l
Action Plan for Energy Efficiency Leadership Grp., Aligning Utility Incentives
with Investment in Energy Efficiency</span><i>
</i>ES-3 (2007)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>,
<i>Implementing Industrial Self-Direct
Options, supra </i>note<i> </i>1, at 4.14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nat’l
Action Plan for Energy Efficiency Leadership Grp., </span><i>supra</i> note<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> 6 </span>at <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">5-1; </span><i>see,
e.g. </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span> §
4928.66(D) (Lexis 2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id. </i>at 6-1; <i>see</i> <i>e.g.</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio
Rev. Code Ann.</span> § 4928.66(D) (Lexis 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio
Rev. Code Ann. </span>§<span style="background: white;"> 4928.66(A)(1)(a) (Lexis
2008).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i> at § 4928.66(D).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white;">In
the Matter of the Application of Columbus Southern Power Company for Approval
of its Program Portfolio Plan and Request for Expedited Consideration; Case<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="term">No. 09-1089-EL-POR Opinion and Order § VI,</span> 2010-Ohio PUC LEXIS 516, *61-63 (2010).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>,
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Follow the Leaders, </span><i>supra </i>note<i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> </span></i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">1, </span>at iii (“Forty-one states in the US
have some sort of a [cost recovery mechanism] in place. Of those, 23 have some
sort of opt-out or self-direct provision in place.”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i> at 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Namrita
Kapur, et al.</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Envl. Def. Fund,
Show Me the Money: Energy Efficiency Financing Barriers and Opportunities 12
(2011) </span>http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/11860_EnergyEfficiency-FinancingBarriersandOpportunities_July%202011.pdf<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i>; <i>see also</i> Stephen
Heins, <i>Energy Efficiency and The Specter of Free-Ridership:<b> </b>Is a
Kilowatt Saved Really a Kilowatt Saved?</i> (“Energy efficiency projects have
to compete with all other capital initiatives, including investments in new
production assets or processes, which are usually given first priority.”) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Follow the Leaders,</span><i> supra </i>note<i> </i>1, at 17.
(“[O]pt-out and self-direct programs have proven this to be true. In Utah,
Wyoming and Oregon, customers can opt out of all or part of their CRM fees if
the can prove that they have in fact done all cost effective energy efficiency…
To date, no company has taken advantage of these exemptions in any of these
states, because there are always some cost-effective projects that could be
identified during an energy audit.”) (citations omitted). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id. </i>at 11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> §
4928.66(A)(2)(c).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> §
</span>4928.01(19)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i><span style="background: white;">Id.</span></i><span style="background: white;"> at § 4928.66(A)(2)(c).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> In the Matter of a Mercantile
Application Pilot Program Regarding Special Arrangements with Electric
Utilities and Exemptions from Energy Efficiency and Peak Demand Reduction
Riders, <span style="background: white;">Case No. 10-834-EL-EEC, Entry ¶ 5, 2010
Ohio PUC LEXIS 952, *3-4 (Sept. 15, 2010)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>,
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Follow the Leaders,</span><i> supra note </i>1, at 21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><a href="http://web2.westlaw.com/find/default.wl?rs=WLW12.10&db=BC-COMPANYSRBD&vr=2.0&docname=CIK(LE10220471)&lvbp=T&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&utid=1&fn=_top&findtype=l&mt=LawSchoolPractitioner&returnto=BusinessNameReturnTo&sv=Split" target="_top"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Constellation NewEnergy, Inc. v. Pub.
Util. Comm.</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, 104 Ohio St. 3d 530, 540, 2004-Ohio-6767, *51, 820 N.E.2d
885, 895 (citations omitted).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i><span style="background: white;">In Re </span></i><span style="background: white;">Columbus Southern Power Co., </span>129 Ohio St. 3d 46, 51-52, 2011-Ohio-2383, *30, 950 N.E.2d 164, 170.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> § </span></span>4928.66(A)(2)(c).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white;">(emphasis
added)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>In re </i>Ormet Primary Aluminum Corp., 129 Ohio St. 3d
9, 12, <span style="background: white;">2011-Ohio-2377, *16, 949 N.E.2d
991, 995</span> (quoting <i><span style="background: white;">State ex rel. Niles v. Bernard</span></i><span style="background: white;">, 53 Ohio St.2d 31, 34, 7 O.O.3d 119, 372 N.E.2d 339).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white;">See </span></i></span><i>id.</i>, 129 Ohio St. 3d at 12, <span style="background: white;">2011-Ohio-2377 at *16, 949 N.E.2d at 995</span>; <i>see also</i> <i><span style="background: white;">Columbus Southern Power Co.</span></i><span style="background: white;">, </span>129
Ohio St. 3d at 51-52, 2011-Ohio-2383 at *30, 950 N.E.2d at 170 (<span style="background: white;">“</span>4928.66(A)(2)(c)
<i>permits</i> the commission to ‘exempt
mercantile customers’ from paying energy-efficiency and peak-demand-reduction
charges if those customers ‘commit their demand-response or other
customer-sited capabilities’ toward the utility's energy-reduction goals.”)
(emphasis added).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i><span style="background: white;">Columbus Southern Power Co.</span></i><span style="background: white;">, </span>129
Ohio St. 3d at 51, 2011-Ohio-2383 at *27, 950 N.E.2d at 169.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Ormet Primary Aluminum Corp.</i>, 129 Ohio St. 3d at 12, <span style="background: white;">2011-Ohio-2377 at *16, 949 N.E.2d at 995.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§
4928.66(A)(2)(c); <i>see also</i> S. 127-221
Final B. Analysis<i> </i>(Ohio 2008) (“<i><span style="background: white;">any</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">mechanism
designed to recover the cost of the act's energy efficiency … <i>can</i> exempt mercantile customers that
commit their demand-response or other customer-sited capabilities to the
electric distribution utility's … energy efficiency … programs, <i>provided</i> the PUCO determines that that
exemption reasonably encourages such customers to commit those capabilities to
those programs”) (emphasis added).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§
4928.66(A)(2)(c).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id. </i>at 21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§
4928.66(A)(2)(c).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">See</span></i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> Richard H. Thaler & Cass Sunstein, Nudge:
Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness</span> 37 (2008). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i>; <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio
Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§ 4928.66(A)(2)(c).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Admin. Code</span> § 4901:1-39-05(G)
(2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See</i> <i><span style="background: white;">Columbus Southern Power Co.</span></i><span style="background: white;">, </span>129 Ohio St. 3d 46, 51-52, 2011-Ohio-2383,
*30, 950 N.E.2d 164, 170.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§
4928.66(A)(2)(c).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>,<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> Follow the Leaders,</span> <i>supra </i>note 1<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">, </span>at<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> 8</span> (“At the
far end of the self-direct continuum are the more structured programs with high
levels of oversight… <i>These programs</i>
usually let a customer self-direct most of their CRM fees, but <i>retain a portion of those fees to fund
administration of the program and other programs that serve other public
benefits</i>, such as market transformation and low-income programs. Highly
structured and well administered programs with substantial oversight offer the
best examples of successful and effective self-direct programming.”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i> at 21-23.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i> at 23. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id. </i>at 21. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i> at 6, 19, 21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id. </i>at 21. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i> at 18.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>Id.</i>; <i>see
also</i> Chittum, <i>Implementing Industrial
Self-Direct Options, supra </i>note<i> </i>1,
at 4.17 (“U.S. commercial and industrial electric customers pay about 40
percent of all collected PBF fees, but they experience over 62 percent of the
PBF-funded savings in all Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE)-member
programs… Thus, while the argument that PBF-paying customers are not seeing the
benefits of their contributions may be true for some individual customers, it
appears that overall, <i>commercial and
industrial customers enjoy a larger percentage of the benefits than they pay
into the pool of funds</i>.”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Admin. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> § </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4901:1-39-08(H) (2009) (“</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Any request for an exemption may
be combined with any other reasonable arrangement, approved pursuant to Chapter
4901:1-38 of the Administrative Code…”); <i>See
also In the Matter of the Application of Columbus Southern Power Company for
Approval of its Program Portfolio Plan and Request for Expedited Consideration</i>,
Case No. 09-1089-EL-POR, Case No. 09-1090-EL-POR, Opinion and Order, 2010 Ohio PUC LEXIS 516, *33-34 (May 13,
2010) (discussing Options 1 and 2). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i> at § 4928.66(A)(2)(c).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Anna
Chittum</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Am. Council for an Energy
Efficient Econ.</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Follow the
Leaders: Improving Large Customers Self-Direct Programs 21</span> (2011)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id. </i>at 8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i><span style="background: white;">See id </span></i><span style="background: white;">at 21-23<i>.</i></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i><span style="background: white;">See </span></i><span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§ 4928.66(A)(2)(c);<span style="background: white;"> </span>Chittum,
<i>supra</i> note 38 (“At the far end of the
self-direct continuum are the more structured programs with high levels of
oversight… <i>These programs</i> usually let
a customer self-direct most of their CRM fees, but <i>retain a portion of those fees to fund administration of the program
and other programs that serve other public benefits</i>, such as market
transformation and low-income programs. Highly structured and well administered
programs with substantial oversight offer the best examples of successful and
effective self-direct programming.”) (emphasis added).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i><span style="background: white;">See </span></i><span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code</span> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ann. §§</span> 4928.66(A)(2)(c), (D).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>§
4928.66(D)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id. </i>at<i> </i><span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">§</span> 4928.66(D).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>, <i>supra</i> note 38, at<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> 8, 21-23.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">State<i> ex rel. </i>Kroger Co. v. Morehouse</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">(1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 129, 133, 1995 Ohio 300, 656
N.E.2d 936.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white;">In
the Matter of the Mercantile Customer Pilot Program for Integration of Customer
Energy Efficiency or Peak-Demand Reduction Programs, Case No. 10-834-EL-POR, Finding and Order ¶ 5, 2012 Ohio PUC LEXIS 775, *4-5 (Sept. 5, 2012)
(</span>“<span style="background: white;">The Commission has previously
found that, for purposes of the EEC Pilot a 100 percent rider exemption is
appropriate for so long as the mercantile customer demonstrates energy savings
at its own facility or facilities equal to or greater than the electric
utility's benchmark requirement (‘the Benchmark Comparison Method’”).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i>; <i>Kroger Co.</i>, 74
Ohio St. 3d at 133, <span style="background: white;">1995-Ohio-300 at *8, 656
N.E.2d at 939.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> §
4903.13 (“A final order made by the public utilities commission shall be
reversed, vacated, or modified by the supreme court on appeal, if, upon
consideration of the record, such court is of the opinion that such order was
unlawful or unreasonable.”).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i><span style="background: white;">See </span></i><span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> §§ 4928.66(A)(2)(c), 4928.66 (D), 4903.13.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn81">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i><span style="background: white;">See </span></i><span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> §§ 4928.66(A)(2)(c), 4928.66 (D), 4903.13.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn82">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>,
<i>supra</i> note 38, at<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> 41 </span>(“If a customer can prove, using an
external auditor, that they have achieved all cost efficiency, they may receive
a 50% credit of all [cost recovery mechanism] charges for two years.”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn83">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See </i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann. </span>4928.66(A)(2)(c);<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 16 USC § 2621(d)(17).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn84">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[84]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See</i> <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">16
U.S.C. § 2621(d)(17).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn85">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[85]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Anna Chittum</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Am. Council for an Energy Efficient Econ.</span>,
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Follow the Leaders: Improving Large
Customers Self-Direct Programs</span> 19 (2011)
http://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/ie112.pdf
[hereinafter Chittum, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Follow the Leaders]</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn86">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[86]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn87">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[87]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Stephen Hawking, <i>Space and Time Warps</i> (accessed December
19, 2012) (“…<span style="background: white;">rapid space-travel, or travel back
in time, can't be ruled out, according to our present understanding”).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn88">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[88]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn89">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[89]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn90">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[90]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ralph Nader, Cutting Corporate
Welfare</span> 30<span class="apple-converted-space"> (“</span>a program is
considered corporate welfare if its public cost outweighs its public
benefits”); <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">CATO Institute</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">CATO Handbook For Policymakers</span> (“Many
federal programs are sustained by special-interest groups working with
policymakers seeking narrow benefits at the expense of taxpayers and the
general public.”);<i> see also, e.g.</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Office of Air and Radiation</span>, <i><span style="background: white;">U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Justice In the Matter
of the Fifth Meeting of the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council</span></i><span style="background: white;">, 9 Admin. L.J. Am. U. 623 (describing a situation in
which an energy efficiency program was accused of being “corporate welfare”);</span>
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Alliance for Materials Mfg. Excellence,
Policy Brief</span> (in which an industry group deflected criticism claiming
that its members received “corporate welfare” from a DOE energy efficiency
investment program).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn91">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[91]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn92">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[92]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white; font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span><span style="background: white;"> §
4928.66 (A)(2)(c).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn93">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[93]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn94">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[94]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn95">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[95]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background: white;">The
term did not supplant previous language in a meaningful way, and the term was
not meaningfully discussed by the Senate’s or House’s Bill Analyses. <i>See</i> S.B. 221 As Pending in the H. Pub.
Utils. Comm., 127th Gen. Assemb. </span>(Ohio 2008)<span style="background: white;">;</span> S. 127-221 S. Final B. Analysis<i> </i>(Ohio 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn96">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[96]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> In the Matter
of the Adoption of Rules for Alternative and Renewable Energy Technology,
Resources, and Climate Regulations, and Review of Chapters
4901:5-1,4901:5-3,4901:5-5, and 4901:5-7 of the Ohio Administrative Code,
Pursuant to Amended Substitute Senate Bill No. 221, Case No. 08-888-EL-ORD,
Entry on Rehearing ¶ 17 (Oct. 15, 2009); <i>see
also </i>In the Matter of a Mercantile Application Pilot Program Regarding
Special Arrangements with Electric Utilities and Exemptions from Energy
Efficiency and Peak Demand Reduction Riders,<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Case No. </span><span style="background: white;">10-834-EL-EEC,
Entry ¶ 7,</span><b> </b><span style="background: white;">2010
Ohio PUC LEXIS 952, *6-9<b> </b>(Sept.
15, 2010); </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span><i> supra </i>note 69 at 9, 37-38<span style="background: white;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn97">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[97]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>In the Matter of the Adoption of Rules for Alternative and Renewable
Energy Technology, Resources, and Climate Regulations, and Review of Chapters
4901:5-1,4901:5-3,4901:5-5, and 4901:5-7 of the Ohio Administrative Code,
Pursuant to Amended Substitute Senate Bill No. 221</i>, Case No. 08-888-EL-ORD,
Entry on Rehearing ¶ 17; <i>In the Matter of
a Mercantile Application Pilot Program Regarding Special Arrangements with
Electric Utilities and Exemptions from Energy Efficiency and Peak Demand
Reduction Riders</i>,<span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
Case No. </span><span style="background: white;">10-834-EL-EEC, Entry ¶ 7,</span><b> </b><span style="background: white;">2010 Ohio PUC LEXIS 952, *6-7.</span><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[98]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn99">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[99]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chittum</span>,
<i>supra</i> note 69, at 38.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn100">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[100]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn101">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[101]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>Id.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn102">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Zach/Documents/Summer%202013%20Job%20Search/Zachary%20Myers'%20Writing%20Sample%20about%20Energy%20Efficiency%20CRMs.shorter%20version.docx#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[102]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i>See</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ohio Rev. Code Ann.</span>
§ 4928.66(A)(2)(c); <i><span style="background: white;">Columbus Southern Power Co.</span></i><span style="background: white;">, </span>129
Ohio St. 3d at 51, 2011-Ohio-2383 at *27, 950 N.E.2d at 169.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-62188058437761655632013-03-19T15:46:00.001-07:002013-03-19T15:49:35.948-07:00Corruption of Blood and In-State TuitionColorado recently <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2013/03/08/1693461/colorado-approves-in-state-tuition-for-undocumented-immigrants/?mobile=nc" target="_blank">extended in-state tuition eligibility</a> to certain unauthorized immigrants.
This was a good move. Unauthorized immigrants who came to the United States when they were children, and subsequently graduated from a State high school, should be treated the same as resident citizens who likewise grew up in a state and graduated from a state high school. <br />
<br />
One opponent of Colorado's move said that because unauthorized immigrants pay very little in taxes, their children should not be given the same opportunities as US children. He is correct that unauthorized immigrants do not pay as much taxes as US citizens, on average. Unauthorized immigrants pay less taxes, because they tend to be very poor in comparison to US citizens. However. the fact that someone is poor (and therefore pays less taxes) is not a good reason to treat them differently under the law in education.<br />
<br />
First, it is worth stating that unauthorized immigrants do pay some taxes. Unauthorized immigrants do make some (though not a lot of) money, and they pay taxes with that money (sales taxes, income taxes, and in many cases property taxes). Some people mistakenly believe that immigrants do not pay income taxes, but the evidence that is available suggests that the vast majority do pay income taxes, because they are working using false information--other peoples' IDs and social security numbers. Yet they do not get the same benefits for paying taxes. Despite paying taxes, unauthorized immigrants do not have access to the vast majority of public benefits. Unauthorized immigrants are NOT entitled to any benefits besides public education and emergency medical care. This means that many unauthorized immigrants are actually paying more in taxes than the receive in benefits.
<br />
<br />
Second,the fact that a child's parents are are poor (and can't pay very much in taxes) is not a good reason to require them to pay more for a public education, because this is inimical to the idea of equal opportunity. In order for the US to be a country of equality and opportunity it is critical that all people be able to compete on an even playing field. Therefore, it is essential that all children be afforded an opportunity to get a quality education. <br />
<br />
Third, excluding the children of unauthorized immigrants from US schools will create a permanent underclass in the United States. If these children are treated differently at public schools, they will be much less likely to gain a complete education and become productive members of society. If the goal is to collect taxes from immigrants, than educating the next generation is critical. If these children never receive a good education, they will continue to be a burden to the US. Without an education they will be forced to rely on the same low-paying jobs as their parents, and will likely be forced into a system of low-paid seasonal labor that currently fuels unauthorized immigration in the US. Thus, treating these children differently contributes to the perpetuation of the status quo--a permanent underclass of cheap labor. Because discriminatory laws in education perpetuate a permanent underclass of exploitable labor, such education laws have the same effect as discriminatory education laws in the Jim Crow South.
Because immigrants pay less taxes because they are poor, and because treating people differently because they are poor can create a permanent underclass that offends notions of equal opportunity, it is good policy to treat children of unauthorized immigrants the same as the children of U.S. citizens in education. <br />
<br />
An opponent of the Colorado policy stated that "there are many US citizens that already struggle to pay for their own children's schooling, many of whom are qualified to receive grants but are not awarded such grants because they are not a protected minority under affirmative action laws." Unauthorized immigrants do not qualify for federal grants. Because unauthorized immigrants do not qualify for federal grants, US citizens are not competing with these children for grants. So no one need worry about unauthorized immigrant children competing with US citizens for federal grants.
<br />
<br />
Finally, my opponent stated that he believed it was unfair to reward unauthorized immigrants by providing education to their children. He said, "[h]ow is it equal or fair for US citizens to bear the burden of raising and educating the children of individuals who have no respect for US laws?"
I believe I've already answered this question somewhat, but I would also point out that my opponent is here are shifting the analysis from the children to the parents. A good argument can be made that such parents should not be given public benefits, because doing so encourages unauthorized migration (and in fact such parents do NOT receive public benefits for this very reason). However, the children of unauthorized children did nothing to warrant punishment. Many of them were brought to the United States when they were infants. One of these children may have parents that are Mexican, but for them Mexico is a distant place to which they have no connection. They are American. It is not fair for the law to treat such children differently just because their parents made a bad choice. <br />
<br />
Our founders agreed that people should not be punished for the crimes of their parents. In England there were legal punishments that attached to the children of wrongdoers based on "corruption of blood." Our founders explicitly rejected such laws and wrote in our Constitution that there shall be no such "bills of attainder." Again, it is not equal or fair to treat someone differently because their parents made a mistake.
<br />
<br />
We are a nation of immigrants descended from colonists who invaded the US and took it from its native inhabitants. Because we are also the descendants of illegal immigrants, we have no claim to preferential treatment over an immigrant who came her as a child and is now seeking to better herself through education. We are a nation of immigrants. If anything justifies our past, it is our progress in realizing equal opportunity under the law. Therefore, Colorado's choice to extend in-state tuition to the children of unauthorized immigrants is good policy.Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-38636547937769591652013-02-01T19:55:00.003-08:002013-02-05T17:17:15.609-08:00Confession--I do not have perfect faith in "Free Markets" (Blasphemy?) <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4hAGkmxQYOEKY_zynpCn2CRAkjHZ2fngTpx8aPDI6rPsC6VSiYDeWkuCf9oRvwkAWAX6c2UKljnVt4L5MAb1zBhVxKCYIbkISxJu-c9Wmv13lXULW7SbQxTAc7J9_oh6_E4AYw3fhvDs/s1600/TFM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4hAGkmxQYOEKY_zynpCn2CRAkjHZ2fngTpx8aPDI6rPsC6VSiYDeWkuCf9oRvwkAWAX6c2UKljnVt4L5MAb1zBhVxKCYIbkISxJu-c9Wmv13lXULW7SbQxTAc7J9_oh6_E4AYw3fhvDs/s320/TFM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />My buddy Mike wrote a great <span style="color: magenta;"><a href="http://whateverparanoidandroid.blogspot.com/2013/01/hipster-conservatism.html" target="_blank">post</a> </span>comparing
Free Market ideology to Christian ideology (ultimately making a convincing
argument that Free Market Conservatism is a form of idolatry). I liked
his analogy so much that I wanted to make a contribution. Please read<span style="background-color: white;"> <a href="http://whateverparanoidandroid.blogspot.com/2013/01/hipster-conservatism.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: magenta;">Mike's blog post</span></a></span> first,
so that you understand the context.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The left, at its best, does not claim
access to Truth. “There is no big Other,” as Lacan said. Instead,
the left-at-its-best only points out that which is not Truth (which is
essentially everything). The left-at-its-best tears down ideology; while,
conservatism, at its purist is an attempt to maintain the dominant order—an
order built on ideology. The left tears down (the critique), and the
right builds-up and reinforces (the apology). (Perhaps I’m not
perfectly capturing the right-left dynamic, but I think it fits this discussion
of this particular political divide quite well.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Mike used the acronym TFM for The Free Market, “because acronyms are sexy,” so
I’m going to adopt his terminology.<br /><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The central difference between
conservative and leftist economics right now, is that conservatism has faith in
TFM (the God of the Market); whereas, the left has doubts. And there is
good reason to doubt TFM. Because TFM has never and will never
exist. It is a utopia, a construct, a dream. Like mercury, it
combusts as soon as it is taken out into the air. This is because if ever
there is a single government involvement in the market, the tiniest
“distortion” and the market is no longer TFM. This is useful to
conservative ideology. When markets fail--and they have a tendency to
collapse spectacularly--Conservatism can always shield its faith in TFM by
blaming government. The market never fails because of TFM; if the market
fails it is because TFM was driven away by the unholy presence of government.
If TFM is the Holy Spirit, then “government” is Satan’s presence on
Earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
So for conservatives in 2008, it was not the derivatives market that failed,
instead it was government intervention in the housing markets that caused the
biggest credit crunch since the Great Depression. (Never mind that
the derivatives market was the primary driver of the housing bubble, and never
mind that the derivatives market was expressly exempted from regulation by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Modernization_Act_of_2000" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext;">CFMA</span></a>). When the
God of the Market fails them, conservatives see it as a test of their faith in
TFM’s principles.<br />
<br />
There is another factor complicating my analogy, however, because anyone who
has read Coase should also know that the markets rely on governments to provide
a basic structure—rules that allow a market to function. Without police,
“property rights” become empty. Mob rule, and violence can take the place
of voluntary market transactions if there is not a strong regulatory structure.
As a result, without government, the market devolves into a Hobbesian state of
nature. Government is a necessary condition for efficient markets.<br />
<br />
“Government,” TFM says, “can’t live with it; can’t live without it.” This
puts us humans in a double-bind--no intervention, and the market falls apart;
some intervention (such as subsidizing the rich by paying for the enforcement
of their property rights) and suddenly there are distortions that get rid of
perfect TFM. We can't win.<br />
<br />
Perhaps, the reason we never seem to be worthy of TFM is because we live in a
carnal and fallen state. Our only hope, is to give ourselves entirely to
TFM, devote our lives to it, and hope that TFM will make-up the difference.
Hence, Free-Market conservatism is idolatry. </span><br />
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Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-44442684850075321192012-04-14T10:38:00.003-07:002012-04-14T11:28:16.641-07:00Critique of Equivalence Theory of U.S. Partisanship<div><span >So, I am an open partisan. I'm a lefty, so I cannot be certain that my perspective is fair.<br /><br />That said, the false equivalence drawn between Republican partisanship and Democratic partisanship is annoying. </span></div><div><span ><br /></span></div><div><span >I offer three examples to illustrate my point: 2 of Republican intransigence, and 1 of Democratic willingness to deal. </span></div><div><span ><br /></span></div><div><span >First, Republicans were in favor of Health Care Reform before they were against it. The <a href="http://healthcarereform.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=004182">individual mandate was originally developed by Republicans</a>. Bob Bennet, with possibly the most conservative voting record in the Senate, proposed the Healthy Americans Act, which was <a href="http://www.npr.org/2012/03/31/149767228/how-did-the-health-care-mandate-get-here">substantially the same as the PPAC</a>. So it was really weird when Repubs unanimously opposed Obama's plan, because they supported it before. Obama and the Dems responded graciously to Republican animosity by giving<a href="http://zcmyers.blogspot.com/2010/04/myth-that-obama-democrats-are.html"> tons of concessions </a>on their Health Care Plan. This bipartisan gesture to the Repubs was ignored. When the PPACA comes up to a vote, <a href="http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/03/27/1078249/-Mandates-Switch-Partners-and-Dance">only one Repub</a> (in the entire Congress) breaks ranks to vote for the plan that they originally proposed.<br /><br />Second, in a gesture of political hostility and brinkmanship, the Republicans, as a unified whole, <a href="http://www.tnr.com/blog/jonathan-chait/88800/republican-debt-ceiling-denialism">refuse to raise the debt ceiling</a>. This almost brings the nations finances crashing to a halt. Dems finally cave, so as to not plunge the nation into economic crisis, and sign some fairly ugly spending cuts into law. As a result of this stupid gesture of intransigence on the part of Repubs, the rating agency <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/sandp-considering-first-downgrade-of-us-credit-rating/2011/08/05/gIQAqKeIxI_story.html">Standard & Poors downgrades the U.S. credit rating</a>, for the first time in history, citing "political brinkmanship" as the problem. Repubs are willing to hold the nation hostage to get what they want. Dems have not yet resorted to such extreme, coercive methods.<br /><br />Third, despite the hostility and unwillingness to play fair on the part of Repubs, Dems are still willing to help the "Just Say No Republicans" pass legislation for the good of the country. Recently, Obama and the Dems <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/5/obama-signs-bipartisan-small-business-bill/">got behind a Republican proposal</a> to make it easier for small businesses to obtain financing and investment. Dems are still willing to listen to Republican ideas.<br /><br />Finally, political scientists can actually <a href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2012/04/10/150349438/gops-rightward-shift-higher-polarization-fills-political-scientist-with-dread">chart the Republicans swift shift to the hard right</a>. This same study shows that Dems haven't moved very much, or at least their not doing so at a rate nearly as fast as Republicans. Therefore, the empirical evidence suggests that the gridlock in Congress is a Republican shift, not a Democratic one. </span></div><div><span ><br /></span></div><div><span >I know there are some ideologues among the Dems too. But as a rule, the Dems have demonstrated more willingness to listen and compromise than have the Repubs. </span></div>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-59946030130979427292012-03-21T20:22:00.002-07:002012-03-21T20:24:57.120-07:00The problem with Normativity<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>The problem with normativity is that "the ideal is always threatening to collapse into the real" (Pierre Schlag). Essentially, the danger is that what we should do, will simply become that which we already do. At that point there is nowhere else to go. Critical reflection ceases. Normative evaluation ceases to be fruitful because all it does is tell us to do what we’re already doing. What’s the point of that?</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>For this reason, a critical stance is preferable to a normative stance. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-18305567414136265592012-03-12T10:52:00.004-07:002012-03-12T11:22:34.231-07:00I am the Law: Critical Pragmatism<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT7-bCQSWMZyUv5Z8lP_-__5JfGHk4aWgXXOL-6BfRY27-YoyUQaEMbH0rhzoAHRuNB2QIJgwL_eBirRK4pOBteA_8ssgx7QtVMsTemCyuPF97nsei_lQ19pjk-1TKfhBbjqyLSK43YN0/s1600/i+am+the+law.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT7-bCQSWMZyUv5Z8lP_-__5JfGHk4aWgXXOL-6BfRY27-YoyUQaEMbH0rhzoAHRuNB2QIJgwL_eBirRK4pOBteA_8ssgx7QtVMsTemCyuPF97nsei_lQ19pjk-1TKfhBbjqyLSK43YN0/s200/i+am+the+law.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5719077444620024322" /></a><span ><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>The Law is something. We all seem to agree on that. But none of us seem to agree on what it is. In fact in order to define the Law, a person must resort to some theory about law, which the Law itself cannot provide. This lack, this inability of the law to tell us what it is, makes the law seem somewhat like a void. Different people fill this void with different meanings. Therefore, the meaning of the law, is aporiatic. It exists, but at the same time does not, because it can only be determined by reference to some </span>outside<span style="font-size: 100%;"> theory. It has no independent existence as existence.</span></span><div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; white-space: pre; "> </span><span ><span style="font-size: 100%;">Now, my feeling in the past was that the utter </span>indeterminacy<span style="font-size: 100%;"> of law made it somewhat of a non-entity, without any kind of existence. However, even </span>phenomenologically,<span style="font-size: 100%;"> the law seems to persist. Within our minds we struggle against the Law, perhaps as a way to resist the gaze of a popular paradigm, or else to protect what we </span>perceive<span style="font-size: 100%;"> the popular view of the Law to be from a minority view. </span><i style="font-size: 100%; ">(Critical Phenomenology of Judging, </i><span style="font-size: 100%;">Duncan Kennedy</span><i style="font-size: 100%; ">, </i><span style="font-size: 100%;">p. 53).</span><i style="font-size: 100%; "> </i></span></div><div><span ><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-size: 100%; white-space: pre; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Therefore, the Law does have some kind of existence, even if it is a contingent existence. It occurs to me now that a critical approach does not deny the existence of the Law; Rather, I accept that the Law's has several beings, with no apparent way to rank which theory controls. Because, for instance, the standards by which a textualist would judge an ontology of the Law are are </span>incommensurate<span style="font-size: 100%;"> with the standards which a pragmatist would use to judge the same interprative paradigm. Because there is no intervening, superseding Master standard which can authoritatively say what the Law is, we are left with many equally suitable definitions for what the law is. As a result, the ontology of the law is dependent on what legal theory one accepts. </span></span></div><div><span ><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-size: 100%; white-space: pre; "> </span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">From here it is clear that a critical approach gives up on the impossible game of saying which theory is best, because there is no objective plane from which to view the multiplicity of theories. A critical approach is a pluralistic approach which accepts as given every theory of what the law is, especially contradicting theories. Then, going from there one must weigh options, make arguments, and render decisions. A pluralistic approach is ultimately a pragmatic approach, but also one that accepts the limits of discourse, and as such recognizes that at the bottom of each decision is an act of pure will; therefore, whatever binds in the law is internal to the subject (i.e. the gaze, desire for </span>certainty<span style="font-size: 100%;">, fear of censure, etc.): The subject cannot be </span></span>detached<span style="font-size: 100%;"> from the unit of analysis. </span></span></div><div><span ><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>I am the Law. But the Law is not free. </span></span></div>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-58721176782281374012012-01-25T09:58:00.000-08:002012-01-25T10:06:41.395-08:00First Semester Law School Stifles Critical ThinkingI thought law school would be creatively challenging. Instead, I have never experienced anything as stifling of critical thinking as the first semester of law school. Is my experience unique, or do other people feel this way? I had professors who really believed that the law had a correct answer for every question. There was no room for indeterminacy in their minds, and questioning or interrogating legal rules was discouraged. Were they really that naive, or do time constraints train legal teachers to treat doctrine as though it is solid and indisputable.<br /><br />This semester is coming along much better. Pierre Schlag and Ahmed White are much more interested in delving into the aporiatic sea that is the law and taking a look about. As such, my classes are much more enjoyable, but I feel like my mind has been handicapped by last semester's teachers and I'm having a little trouble keeping up with Schlag and White.Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-46199945262289996222012-01-17T13:22:00.000-08:002012-01-17T13:43:42.441-08:00Constitutional Law SEX<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>Part of the reason I originally applied at CU Law was because I am enamored with Pierre Schlag whose writings I find to be quite titillating. I've <a href="http://zcmyers.blogspot.com/search/label/Pierre%20Schlag">written</a> about some of his ideas on this blog before. And today I got to meet Schlag.</div><div><br /></div>Today I had my first class with Pierre Schlag. He was on sabbatical in Europe for my first semester, and so very few of my senior classmates knew much about him, which as a fan seemed to further enhance his mystique. Despite my heightened expectations, he did not disappoint. He dresses a little rockstaresque in a blazer and jeans with a tuft of chest hair sticking out of his low-buttoned shirt. He has a mullet. And he speaks with subtle accent which adds to his gravitas without distracting from what he says. <div><br /></div><div>He was quite theatrical and moved about the classroom like he had a nervous tick. Half-way into the lecture he excitedly gushed "Constitutional law is about SEX," rousing several people from slumber he then continued less loudly, "and race, allocation of power between states and the Federal government, and of power between the branches." </div><div><br /></div><div>Schlag tries to make constitutional law as sexy as possible, but I'm afraid no one will ever get hot thinking about this subject. </div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4434EVmywucNV-KlYN2NlHdaUIk7hWfHINhOD-X3yCs4yfU6QHlDnYFMy4vnU_i8yxkB0GJ8S93TyhHxWqZLGlH4dL8CsYqqkTNxaJKLv83u1f2u1Oay9yz4xDLMP1pIAvJzVpdLmbxs/s200/schlag.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5698718952365560050" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); text-decoration: underline; display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 140px; height: 200px; " /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div><br /></div>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-76832339016360887362011-11-26T10:00:00.000-08:002012-01-13T00:03:26.182-08:00Just a little rant<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"">I’m tired of hearing people say that Obama is a divisive leader. Obama is not divisive. We leftists have been astounded at his willingness to work with the just-say-no-Republicans. No matter what he proposes Republicans will never support it. For instance, the health-insurance reform package was pretty much the same as (R)Bennet's Healthy Americans Act. It's also the same policy that Republican front-runner (R)Romney instituted in Massachusetts. It's bipartisan legislation, but, just because Obama proposed it, suddenly it's SOCIALISM. Obama and the Democrats caved to tons of Republican proposals to try to attract their votes during the health-insurance reform debates. We leftists lost key provisions like a public option, but not a single Republican will broke ranks to vote for the bipartisan legislation. That's divisiveness, but it's divisiveness manufactured by Republicans.<br /><br />Then, Republicans decide to start playing political brinkmanship with the nation's credit rating and refuse to raise the debt ceiling. <a href="http://www.pensitoreview.com/2011/07/07/bush-raised-debt-ceiling-five-times/">Under Bush, Boehner, McConnell, and Cantor voted to raise the debt ceiling every time--5 times</a>. They didn't have a problem with it back then. But under Obama, it's suddenly OK to put the entire nation’s finances into trouble. And thanks to them the nation’s credit got downgraded for the first time in history. S&P released the <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/06/business/la-fi-us-debt-downgrade-20110806">following statement</a> regarding their decision to downgrade:<br /><br />"The political brinkmanship of recent months highlights what we see as America's governance and policymaking becoming less stable, less effective and less predictable than what we previously believed. The statutory debt ceiling and the threat of default have become political bargaining chips in the debate over fiscal policy."<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"">Republicans used the debt ceiling to hold the entire nation hostage. And not surprisingly, the nation bore some trauma as a result of their rough-handling. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"">Obama is trying to work with a Republican party whose <a href="http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/07/10/mcconnell-stopping-obamas-re-election-still-single-most-important-goal/">"single most important goal," according to Minority Leader McConnel</a>, is to make sure he doesn't get reelected. Notably their most important goal is not to make life better for Americans, because they don't really care what the consequences are of their stubborn refusal to work together to solve problems. There is divisiveness in this country, but it's not Obama's divisiveness. Unless you consider it divisive that an eloquent black man got elected as President and then tried to improve things.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-20586251214047640902011-11-18T15:26:00.000-08:002011-11-18T17:05:22.646-08:00Haters are the best lovers.<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic","sans-serif"">My wife is a self-proclaimed "hater." And I think it is worthwhile to develop an argument for why anti-social types with a small circle of friends are actually better than us extroverts.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic', sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic', sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">I don't believe people who claim to love everyone. At the very least this means that having their love is meaningless because they give it away so cheaply. I'd rather be loved by someone who hates most people, because possessing their love is a more exclusive privilege. Being loved by a hater is more difficult, and the most valuable things in life are difficult to obtain; therefore, loved by a hater > loved by a lover.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic","sans-serif"">Furthermore, love is exclusive, and as such it is violent. Fastening on one person causes me to ignore my obligation to every other person, and ignoring my obligation to other others is a hateful act. Every moment I spend with my brother I could be spending with my wife. And every moment I spend with my wife could be spent trying to help a refugee get a job. And every moment I spend doing that could be spent visiting with lonely people who I've never even bothered to talk to, ad infinitum. We have to draw a line somewhere and cut some people out. Those inside the line are those we choose to love, those on the outside are those we don't. I would rather be loved by some who cuts the line a little closer to home so that they have more time for me. But maybe that's because I'm selfish.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic","sans-serif"">But I don’t think I’m alone. Haven't you ever felt guilty for spending time with one person, because you felt that you should also be spending that same time with another? Like on Thanksgiving when you want to go to be with your wife’s family, but you also want to go to be with your side of the family. If they happen to be celebrating at the same time, in vastly different geographic areas, you have to choose. And when you choose, it feels like a betrayal. You feel guilty even though all you’re doing is trying to show love to one group. But that love comes at the expense of another. Not only do we feel guilty, but this guilt is earned, because we put one group of people above another. Extending this logic to all of humanity, we have to choose who to love, and there are millions of people equally deserving of our love. Therefore, we have to commit a violent act and choose (seemingly at random) some people over others. But that is love. It is irreducible to anything else than a choice to elevate one individual to the point of singularity and say this is the One (or one of the Ones) that I will love. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-23064123778545978812011-11-07T14:48:00.001-08:002011-11-07T15:25:37.524-08:00My wife is really clever. (Also, how I exercise power over her.)So, I'm arguing with my wife, Aubry about what to watch. She wants to watch a sitcom, I want to watch cartoons. The tension is in the air for a stand-off. Before the fireworks can start, I proceed to get her sitcom going on Netflix, yielding to her preference. <div><br /></div><div>Her response, to my giving her what she wanted (my gift), was brilliant. <div><br /></div><div>She said, "you can't concede, and win!" Meaning don't just give in like that! Now, on first blush, her statement seems to be self-contradictory (How can one both concede and also win?). But Aubry was actually exactly correct, as I will explain.<br /><br />You see, the stage was set for a confrontation. And the fight would follow a predetermined script. We would disagree. We'd stonewall for a bit. One of us would grudgingly yield. The situation was such that one of us was going to get our preference on Netflix, and the other was going to get to yield; thereby rendering the person who got their preference indebted, indefinitely. Thus, the gift of yielding to Aubry's Netflix preference, was no gift at all, since it was in fact a reciprocal exchange. (When a buyer gets a house, in exchange for a promise to pay for it later, it's not correct to say that the bank gave the buyer a gift. It is instead an exchange. Similarly, when I give Aubry her way and make her indebted to me, what I'm doing is not giving a gift. I'm just making an exchange.) We tally up our gifts and debts, and the next time we're trying to decide what to watch on Netflix, the person with the most Netflix IOU's gets to choose. (This is an example of what Derrida and Caputo call the many "cunning ruses of love" and "the gift".)<br /><br />Now, as to Aubry's objection ("you can't concede, and win!"). What she was reacting to was the fact that I didn't stick to the script. I short-circuited the conflict and skipped straight to the conclusion by immediately giving-in. We knew how it would end, so that wasn't the problem. Insteand, what bothered Aubry is that she was denied the opportunity to make the gift, the initial yield that would set the recipricol exchange into motion, because I (rather than stonewalling and making arguments) skipped right to the end of the confrontation and started her show. By excluding her opportunity to act, I took the choice out of her hands. I conceded and won. I got to choose how the exchange would take place, and secured a debt from her without even giving her the opportunity to object. Not only that, but by acting so quickly and not acting petty about getting my way, I reserved the moral high-ground for myself. This in turn, made her look petty. Therefore, I cheated. I didn't play by the rules. And by conceding so early, I won. </div><div><br />I think I do this a lot. It is just another example of my will to power. In the face of confrontation, even conceding can be form of taking power, and, thereby, winning. You force the other into a position of indebtedness and retain moral authority over her. Perhaps this is what Jesus Christ meant when he taught that the "weak things of the world [will] shame the strong".<br /><br />Built in to the act of yielding to the other is an act of assuming power over the other. I sometimes wonder, is it possible to escape this economy? Where does love fit in? Is love an economy, or is it something that exists interstitially between the feints and parry's of this ongoing spar? </div></div>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-47276705659774621452011-11-07T14:01:00.000-08:002011-11-07T18:47:16.033-08:00il n’y a pas de hors-texte<span class="Apple-style-span">My professor in Legislation and Regulation said something interesting today. She said, "today everyone is some kind of neo-textualist." I was initially appalled, textualism as I understand it is the most boorish, wooden, unsophisticated, type of legal interpretation.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span">However, even I may be willing to admit to subscribing to textualism, with one caveat: That as I understand it nothing is outside the text. Of course a textualist who recognizes that "there is no outside-text" is essentially meaningless. Because, everything is inside the text, being a textualist should allow one to use everything, words, grammar-rules, dictionaries, historical context, and perhaps most importantly personal life experience to interpret a text.<br /><br />As per Derrida, meaning is a matter of d<span style="line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">ifférance. </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">D</span></span><span style="line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">ifférance is a play on the French word for difference. So to say that meaning is a matter of difference, is</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> first to say that a word can only mean something in relation to other words. "Medium hot," means something different than "mild," and something different than "hot," and this difference gives sense to the word. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">D</span></span><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">ifférance also suggests that meaning is constantly differed. To define a word we use other words, whose meaning is themselves only found by reliance on other words, whose meaning is themselves only found by reliance on other words, ad infinitum. Therefore, meaning is constantly differed. Furthermore, because a word can only be understood relative to every other word; and because there is, literally, an infinite separation between a word and its meaning; there is nothing outside the text.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">Therefore, anything a reader brings to bear in their interpretation of a text is legitimate because there is nothing outside the text. </span></span></div></span>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-9293627070388334982011-10-23T21:47:00.000-07:002011-10-24T09:13:25.150-07:00Vampire Romance<div style="text-align: left;">I recently watched "Let Me In." The movie is a love story, and is a perfect inversion of the Twilight movies (sorry didn't read the books). Instead of hokey and sappy, the movie is dark and gritty. Instead of a girl falling for manpire, it is instead a story of boy falling for a vampgirl.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ4ljcSlL60xscF_lFD7FmaBUyx2ytTwUam6ktM4i3DUF4_Q34NwsGNgbN0fE3l53Bq7sYX1cYPLDbh1CkYqSzojXTJ6ugKKQFpyVKP6xlYyoznciJerKWN1pPB98Idqmjk5t60GahyS4/s200/Let+Me+In+French+Poster.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5666924003270567970" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 200px; " /></div><div><br /></div><div>The movie is a metaphor for the obscene, dark-side of love. In the movie, a young boy falls for a young vamp girl. But, in order to maintain his love for vampgirl he must learn to accept her as a monstrous Other. (When he asks if she'll go steady with him, she replies that she can't because she's "not a girl." She's a monster.) Ultimately, to love her, he must sacrifice his duty to the human race, because for her to survive she must kill. After witnessing her murdering people, he decides that she means more to him than human life, and at the end of the movie becomes her accomplice in killing others to keep her alive.</div><div><div><br />"Love is evil" says <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJPhA9TGRls">Slavoj Zizek</a>. And he is right. Love is loving the Other as Other. Love is accepting the monstrous Otherness that exists in one person, even though we cannot understand it, and can't approach it. Singling that one person out from the entire universe as somehow special, unique, and worthy of praise. This is a violent act. It is a sacrifice. By separating the one, from everyone else, we renounce our duty to the world, and instead commit the evil of valuing one single life, above the lives of everything else. See Derrida in The Gift of Death.<br /><br />The fact that love is evil, is not a reason to renounce it. On the contrary, love is a break from the entire human order. It is a liberating, but it is also a heavy burden. The act of love elevates the one to the level of the Thing, and is sublime. Love, love, love.</div></div>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-6616369690154043092011-10-16T10:47:00.000-07:002011-10-17T10:17:17.359-07:00Bigotry and Stereotyping and MormonsSurvey results show that many people would not vote for someone based on their religious identity. Mormons, Muslims, and Atheists all had particularly poor showings.<br /><br />I recently had a Facebook debate with some friends regarding whether this amounts to bigotry. Bigotry is the stubborn intolerance of another person's beliefs. Is not voting for someone, merely because of their religion, bigoted?<br /><br />Almost all of my friends, who argued that it is not bigoted, relied on generalizations of religious people that are unwarranted. One of those generalizations (stereotypes?) is that religious people lack critical thinking skills (which is apparently why we believe in crazy stuff like an angel showing a kid where a golden book is buried). Considering that there are very many intelligent leader in every religious group, I think this is a faulty assumption. (Not to mention offensive.) This is not to say that all religious people are smart - there are a lot of dumb religious people too. The simple fact is that no matter what group you look at Mormons, Muslims, atheists, you're going to get a good mix of every sort of ability set. Some are going to be real dumb, and some will be smart. Knowing someone's religion doesn't tell you much of anything about that person.<br /><br />Furthermore, in attempting to justify factoring religious belief into voting decisions, one of my friends went on to say that, "everything that makes up [a political candidate] is fair game." If this is true than race, sex, and ethnicity, are all legitimate reasons not to vote for someone. Which is so wrong. All of these factors (race, sex, ethnicity) are at least as essential in forming a person, and later influencing their political behavior, as religion. To say that being black in the US is exactly the same as being white, is to have some real blinders as to the difference of experience between white America and black America. For this reason, race is incredibly influential in forming a person. <br /><br />In fact, the correlation between being black and being a Democrat, is much stronger than the correlation between being a Mormon and being a social conservative (which seems to be the big hook upon which my friends hung their argument). Does that mean that it's OK for someone to take someone's race into account when deciding whether or not to vote for them? No, of course not. Evaluate belief based on people's political beliefs and behavior. Don't rely on unwarranted assumptions.<br /><br />Let's go a step further, ad absurdum. Blacks and latinos have higher rates of incarceration compared to whites in the good ole USA. But it would been incredibly prejudicial to allow this to inform your decision when voting for a black candidate. Relying on broad generalizations to assess an individual of a certain group is terrible reasoning. In this instance it's straight-up racist. Each person should be evaluated on an individual basis. And when voting tolerance requires that we should give individuals the benefit of the doubt; regardless of their religion, and definitively regardless of race.<br /><br />Political candidates should be evaluated on only those factors that have a direct bearing to their performance in office. Religion, race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, do not. Past performance in office (or in other leadership roles) along with stated political preferences do.<br /><br />Furthermore, my friends are atheists. They were (somewhat ironically) arguing against their interests. The basic form of their argument is the same as a bigoted religious person would put forward to justify their decision not to vote for an atheist . Religious bigots will rely on stereotypes and generalizations to justify prejudicial treatment of an atheist candidate (and poll results show that atheists are in a worse position than Mormons due to unfair generalizations). Mormons, atheists, and Muslims are all marginalized groups in US politics. We should be teaming-up, not undercutting each other. I'm sure bigoted individuals would be more than happy to join atheists in bashing Mormons and Muslims, and then turn around and bash atheists and Muslims with a bunch of Mormons, and then bash atheists and Mormons with a group of Muslims. As minority religious groups we should be building bridges of tolerance and acceptance, rather than trying to excuse ourselves for relying on stereotypes.<br /><br />Basically my friends were working hard to distinguish between religious-bigotry and other forms of bigotry, in order to justify not-voting for Mormons, but this is a contradictory exercise. To justify stereotyping in politics you have to say, 'anything is fair game!' Anything about a politician can influence who they are, and should therefore be used to evaluate a person. But this begs the question, race and gender are essential parts of a person? Are they fair game? We've gotten past the point where it's OK to say that race is a factor. So then my friends make the move saying that race is different or 'Most aspects of a person - race, gender, sexuality, etc. - are not fair game!' So put it together and you get, every part of a person's social identity is fair game, besides most every social identity (with the exception of religion). This move attempts to mask the contradiction, but it doesn't do a very good job. Unless they're doing some Derridean move that I don't understand. Absent that, I spit on your faulty reasoning. Ptooey!Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1748587863030581452.post-61644865538960780402011-08-28T14:11:00.000-07:002011-08-28T16:07:13.024-07:00History is the story of the Present<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">History is not the past. History is the story of the now - specifically how and why it came to be. For this reason, history has no objective existence. History is a story. Stories are nothing but representations. Furthermore, there are many versions of this representation, and it will change according to the teller. Also, it cannot be said that there is one meta-story to rule them all, because we lack the power to determine which, if any, is true. We can’t even say for certain if there is an objective truth to history.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">As such, history is not primarily shaped by what happened (in the past) but what is happening (in the present). History is being written write now. Furthermore, the History that we know is based on a shifting nexus of power relations. For instance, historians will talk about authoritative texts or the credibility of a source. How are these authorities (power-relations) determined? They are determined by the struggle between the dominant discourse - who get to say what is authoritative now - and the dissenters - who through struggle may supplant the dominant discourse and change that which is authoritative. This is not to say that history is wrong, but merely to say that history is made by power. Knowledge in general is not divorced from power, but is in fact a product of power (and thus ideology). Michel Foucault was particularly important to our development of this understanding. John McGowan said of Foucualt's work, "In this holistic model, 'there is no outside.' (Foucault, 1979). There is no disinterested or objective knowledge, just as there is no autonomous self."<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Foucault wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">"Perhaps we should abandon a whole tradition that allows us to imagine that knowledge can exist only where power relations are suspended and that knowledge can develop only outside its injuctions, its demands and its interests... We should admit rather that power produces knowledge (and not simply by encouraging it because it serves power or by applying it because it is useful), that power and knowledge directly imply one another, that there is no power relation without the correlative constitution of a field of knowledge, nor any knowledge that does not pressupose and constitute at the same time power relations."<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">History is a discipline because there are rules, and for rules to mean anything someone or some group has to enforce them. Who enforces the rules? Well in the knowledge-discipline of history it is other historians. For instance, to be published, you must satisfy a journal editor and peer reviewers; to be considered interesting enough to add to the story of history (i.e. to be quoted), you must satisfy the entire community of historians; and to be considered <i>authoritative</i>, you have to impress even more people. Therefore, history is controlled by a complex web of relations that impact how the story comes out.
<br />
<br />Therefore, reading histories, it's not enough to consider the political motivations of the authors - though they likely affect their conclusions. Instead, one must consider the entire field that constitutes knowledge-power, and how that affects the outcome of the story. This is likely what Michel Foucault was getting at when he said he wanted to write a "History of the Present". He wanted to write a history that recognized that power is essential to any understanding of history and cannot be divorced from its study. Furthermore, the source texts, upon which our histories are based, are products of other complex nexuses of power-relations, and therefore, need to be considered as such. The question is thus, how did they constitute themselves (as subjects and objects in a web of power relations), in order to perceive the world in such a way? And, how is it that we now constitute ourselves differently, in order to perceive the world in a different way? The story of the past is, in this way, more about how we think now, and less about what really happened then. Michael S. Roth explains it like this, “Writing a history <i>of</i> the present means writing a history <i>in</i> the present, self-consciously writing in a field of power relations and political struggle.”<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Reading and writing history is a <i>political</i> act, and should be recognized as such. Furthermore, to participate in this activity requires a great deal of introspection and self-criticism. History is an exercise in power; it shapes how we perceive, and relate to, ourselves and others. Therefore, history should be handled with great care and attention, because it is so critical to our present and future.
<br />
<br />One final note, this discussion should also make us pause and think critically about how the story of history is shaped by the dominant discipline of positivism. Thus, it should not surprise us that the story of history is basically the story of the progress of science and rationality. There may be some validity to this, science did have a roll in opening-up new modes of thought, but a critical reader should recognize this is not the whole of the story. Science too is a product of power, and can be just as freedom killing as other disciplines of knowledge-power. Therefore, avoid scientism.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div><!--[if !supportEndnotes]-->
<br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div id="edn1"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;background:white">Foucault, Michel.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black; background:white"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color:black;background:white">Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison</span></i><span style="color:black;background:white">. New York: Pantheon, 1977. 120-21. Print.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div id="edn2"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;background:white">McGowan, John. "Postmodernism and Its Critics."</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black;background:white"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color:black;background:white">Google Books</span></i><span style="color:black;background:white">. Cornell University Press. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. <http: com="" id="kAwvotBDTp8C">.</http:></span></span><o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div id="edn3"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;background:white">Roth, Michael S. "Foucault's 'History of the Present'"</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black;background:white"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color:black;background:white">History and Theory</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black;background:white"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black;background:white">20.1 (1981): 32-47.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black; background:white"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color:black;background:white">EBSCO</span></i><span style="color:black; background:white">. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. <http: edu="" ehost="" pdfviewer="" sid="239c0ec6-9eff-4c3f-8022-da1156fb6255%40sessionmgr110&vid=6&hid=126">.</http:></span></span><o:p></o:p></p> </div></div>Pr1nc3_Ch4rmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08642966361688231493noreply@blogger.com0